一、在下列每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将其字母标号填入括号内。1.A ____study is concerned with the historical development of a language over a period of time.
A. syntagmatic B. paradigmatic C. synchronic D. diachronic
2.The distinctive features which can only have an effect on one sound segment are called _______features. ( )
3.A. design B. distinct C. segmental D. suprasegmental
4.According to the presence or absence of_____ vibration, the English consonants can be classified into two groups: voiceless consonants and voiced consonants. ( )
5.A. mouth B. dental C. palatal D. vocal cord
6.The science that examines word formation and the internal structure of words is______ . ( )
7.A. syntax B. pragmatics C. morphology D. phonology
8.Which one is NOT a superasegmental feature of English language? ( )
A.stress B. pitch C. tone D. juncture
9.If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment, and the substitution of one sound for another do not bring about a change in meaning, they are said to be in ______distribution.( )
10.A. parallel B. free C. complementary D. contrastive
7. The ____ relation shows us the inner layering of sentences. ( )
A. sequential B. syntactic C. hierarchical D. discourse
8. Each branching point in a phrase marker is called a (n)_____. ( )
A. subject B. object C. node D. phrase
9. When a pair of words are opposite in meaning, they are_____. ( )
A. antonyms B. hyponyms C. synonyms D. homographs
10. Which of the following holds that linguistic theory should go beyond the mere description of linguistic structure to explain the functions fulfilled by linguistic forms? ( )
A. The Prague School B. The London School
C. the American structuralists D. The psycholinguists
二、填空题。(每小题 1 分，共 10 分)
11. The study of speech sounds of all human languages is .
12.According to Chomsky, is “the speaker –hearer’s knowledge of his language”.
13.Language involves the way in which speech comes to thoughts.
14. A relation is a relation between a linguistic element in an utterance and linguistic elements outside that utterance, but belonging to the same sub-system of the language.
15. According to the position of the velum, consonants are divided into oral consonants and consonants.
16. The words that sound different but have the same or nearly the same meaning are called .
17. The basic difference between pragmatics and traditional semantics is that pragmatics considers meaning in context while traditional semantics studies meaning in from the context of use.
18. There are two types of reference, exophora and .
19. The meaning of pairs of antonyms is characterized by relativity.
20. The approaches of second language acquisition lay an emphasis on the importance of the inner world of an individual and put the individual’s thoughts, feelings and emotions at the first place in all human development.
三、判断改错题。(每小题 2 分，共 10 分)如错误，请标明错误之处，并修改。
21.In theory, the length of a sentence is limited.
22.The meaning of a sentence is much more than the sum of the meaning of the individual words in a sentence.
23.The verbs in verb phrase are called main verbs; the other verbs are small verbs.
24.An English word and a Chinese equivalent may have the same denotative meaning but different connotations.
25.The surface structure of a sentence is abstract.
四、翻译题。(每小题 2 分，共 30 分) 请给出下列术语的英/汉语翻译
26 Competence 27 Connotative meaning 28 deletion rules
29directives 30emotive meaning 31formal instructions
32Discourse analysis 33Geographic dialect 34illocutionalry act
35ideational function 36正迁移
37关联准则
38语义场
39二语习得
40沃尔夫假说
五、用英语简要回答下列问题。(每小题 4 分，共 20 分)
41 What is sociolinguistics ?42 What is lingua franca ?43 What is language acquisition generally referred to?
44 Explain the Critical Period Hypothesis.45 What is the behaviorist view of language?
6、论述题 (每小题 10 分，共 20 分) 。请用英语回答下列问题，每题答案不少于120词。
46 How do you understand both the formalist and functional approach to language acquisition?
47 Ｗhat are the potential changes that may be brought about by the adoption of the communicative approach in language instruction?
一、在下列每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将其字母标号填入括号内。
1. D 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. C 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. A
二、填空题。(每小题 1 分，共 10 分)
11. Phonetics12. competence.13. comprehension14. paradigmatic 15. nasal16. synonyms17. isolation18. Endophora 19. gradable20. humanistic
三、判断改错题。(每小题 2 分，共 10 分)如错误，请标明错误之处，并修改。
21. (F) 改 limited 为unlimited 22. (T) 23. (F) small改为helping 24. (T) 25. (F) surface 改为deep
四、翻译题。(每小题 2 分，共 30 分)请给出下列术语的英/汉语翻译
26.语言知27.内涵意义 28.删除规则29.指令语30.表情意义31.正规教育32.语篇分析33.地理方言 34.言外行为35.表意功能 36.positivetransfer37. maximum of relation38. semantic field 39. second language acquisition40. Whorfian Hypothesis
五、用英语简要回答下列问题。(每小题 4 分，共 20 分)
41. As an empirical study of how language is used in society, sociolinguistics combines linguistic with sociological theories and methods.
42. The term lingua franca refers to an auxiliary language which is used to enable routine communication to take place between groups of people who speak different native languages or different language varieties.
43. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. In general, language acquisition refers to children’s development of their first language, that is, the native language of the community in which a child has been brought up.
44. The critical period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction.
45. Behaviorism is an approach to psychology which states that human and animal behavior can and should be studied in terms of psychological process only. The essence of the theory is that language is not a mental phenomenon: it is behavior.
六、论述题 (每小题 10 分，共 20 分) 。
46. As two approaches to linguistics, (1) Formalists tend to regard language primarily as a mental phenomenon. Functionalists tend to regard it primarily as a societal phenomenon. (2’) (2)Formalism tends to explain linguistic universals as deriving from a common generic linguistic inheritance of the human species. Functionalists tend to explain them as deriving from the universality of the uses to which language is put in human societies. (2’) (3) Formalists are inclined to explain children’s acquisition of language in terms of a built-in human capacity to learn language. Functionalists are inclined to explain it in terms of the development of the child’s communicative needs and abilities in society. (2’) (4) Above all, formalists study language as an autonomous system, whereas functionalists study it in relation to its social function. (2’) Functional linguistics is an approach to linguistics which is concerned with language as an instrument used to perform various functions in social interaction rather than as a system that is viewed in isolation. (2’)
47. Acceptance of communicative views suggests a number of changes that would be required from more traditional approaches: (1).Change of teacher role. The teacher can no longer be the source of knowledge and truth about the language. The teacher’s role has more to do with initiating activity.(2’)(2).Change of learner role. The learner can no longer be passive. The learner must actively participate in the activities. (2’)(3).Change of materials. These should, as far as possible, preserve the features of authentic instances of language use. (2’)(4).Change of techniques. These should emphasize the task to be performed and recognize the skills being practiced. (2’)(5).Change of attitude. If the above are to be achieved them we are involved in changing attitudes to teaching and learning in general. (2’)