杭 州 师 范 大 学
招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题
考试科目代码： 243
考试科目名称： 二外英语
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| Part I Reading Comprehension（Skimming and Scanning）(2’*10=20’) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet. For questions I - 7, mark Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG(for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. For questions 8 - 10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage. Dreams Our dreams combine verbal, visual and emotional stimuli into a sometimes broken, nonsensical but often entertaining story line. We can sometimes even solve problems in our sleep. Or can we? Many experts disagree on exactly what the purpose of our dreams might be. Are they strictly random brain impulses, or are our brains actually working through issues from our daily life while we sleep -- as a sort of coping mechanism? Should we even bother to interpret our dreams? Many say yes, that we have a great deal to learn from our dreams. Why do we Dream? For centuries, we’ve tried to figure out just why our brains play these nightly shows for us. Early civilizations thought dream worlds were real, physical worlds that they could enter only from their dream state. Researchers continue to toss around many theories about dreaming. Those theories essentially fall into two categories: ● The idea that dreams are only physiological stimulations ● The idea that dreams are psychologically necessary Physiological theories are based on the idea that we dream in order to exercise various neural connections that some researchers believe affect certain types of learning. Psychological theories are based on the idea that dreaming allows us to sort through problems, events of the day or things that are requiring a lot of our attention. Some of these theorists think dreams might be prophetic. Many researchers and scientists also believe that perhaps it is a combination of the two theories. Dreaming and the Brain When we sleep, we go through five sleep stages. The first stage is a very light sleep from which it is easy to wake up. The second stage moves into a slightly deeper sleep, and stages three and four represent our deepest sleep. Our brain activity throughout these stages is gradually slowing down so that by deep sleep, we experience nothing but delta brain waves -- the slowest brain waves. About 90 minutes after we go to sleep and after the fourth sleep stage, we begin REM sleep. Rapid eye movement (REM) was discovered in 1953 by University of Chicago researchers Eugene Aserinsky, a graduate student in physiology, and Nathaniel Kleitman, Ph.D., chair of physiology. REM sleep is primarily characterized by movements of the eyes and is the fifth stage of sleep. How to Improve Your Dream Recall It is said that five minutes after the end of a dream, we have forgotten 50 percent of the dream’s content. Ten minutes later, we’ve forgotten 90 percent of its content. Why is that? We don’t forget our daily actions that quickly. The fact that they are so hard to remember makes their importance seem less. There are many resources both on the Web and in print that will give you tips on how to improve your recall of dreams. Those who believe we have a lot to learn about ourselves from our dreams are big proponents of dream journals. Here are some steps you can take to increase your dream recall: ● When you go to bed, tell yourself you will remember your dreams. ● Set your alarm to go off every hour and half so you’ll wake up around the times that you leave REM sleep -- when you’re most likely to remember your dreams. (Or, drink a lot of water before you go to bed to ensure you have to wake up at least once in the middle of the night!) ● Keep a pad and pencil next to your bed. ● Try to wake up slowly to remain within the “mood” of your last dream. Common Dream Themes and Their Interpretations ● Being naked in public Most of us have had the dream at some point that we’re at school, work or some social event, and we suddenly realize we forgot to put on clothes! Experts say this means: ◆ We’re trying to hide something (and without clothes we have a hard time doing that). ◆ We’re not prepared for something, like a presentation or test (and now everyone is going to know – we’re exposed!). If we’re naked but no one notices, then the interpretation is that whatever we’re afraid of is unfounded. If we don’t care that we’re naked, the interpretation is that we’re comfortable with who we are. ● Falling You’re falling, falling, falling... and then you wake up. This is a very common dream and is said to symbolize insecurities and anxiety. Something in your life is essentially out of control and there is nothing you can do to stop it. Another interpretation is that you have a sense of failure about something. Maybe you’re not doing well in school or at work and are afraid you’re going to be fired or expelled. Again, you feel that you can’t control the situation. ● Being chased The ever-popular chase dream can be extremely frightening. What it usually symbolizes is that you’re running away from your problems. What that problem is depends on who is chasing you. It may be a problem at work, or it may be something about yourself that you know is destructive. For example, you may be drinking too much, and your dream may be telling you that your drinking is becoming a real problem. ● Taking an exam (or forgetting that you have one) This is another very common dream. You suddenly realize you are supposed to be taking an exam at that very moment. You might be running through the hallways and can’t find the classroom. This type of dream can have several variations that have similar meanings. (Maybe your pen won’t write, so you can’t finish writing your answers.) What experts say this may mean is that you’re being scrutinized about something or feel you’re being tested -- maybe you’re facing a challenge you don’t think you’re up to. You don’t feel prepared or able to hold up to the scrutiny. It may also mean there is something you’ve neglected that you know needs your attention. ● Flying Many flying dreams are the result of lucid dreaming (清醒梦). Not all flying dreams are, however. Typically, dreaming that you are flying means you are on top of things. You are in control of the things that matter to you. Or, maybe you’ve just gained a new perspective on things. It may also mean you are strong willed and feel like no one and nothing can defeat you. If you are having problems maintaining your flight, someone or something may be standing in the way of you having control. If you are afraid while flying, you may have challenges that you don’t feel up to. ● Running, but going nowhere This theme can also be part of the chasing dream. You’re trying to run, but either your legs won’t move or you simply aren’t going anywhere -- as if you were on a treadmill (踏车). According to some, this dream means you have too much on your plate. You’re trying to do too many things at once and can’t catch up or ever get ahead. 1. This passage mainly discusses different theories about why we have dreams at night. 2. Early theories held that dreams were reflection of people’s real, physical worlds. 3. According to physiological theories, dreaming allows us to sort through problems or events of the day that require our attention. 4. REM occurs at the third and fourth stage during which we experience the deepest sleep. 5. The reason why dreams do not seem important is that they are very difficult to remember. 6. Trying to get recorded what you said or did in your dream can help increase your dream recall. 7. If a person dreams he is naked but is not noticed by others, it means what he is afraid of is groundless. 8. You’re falling, falling, falling in your dream, which is said to symbolize______________. 9. Being chased in a dream usually means that you’re escaping from your______________. 10. One of the interpretations for flying dreams is that you are______________and nothing can defeat you. Part II Vocabulary and Structure(1’*30=30’) Directions: Choose the best answer you think fit to fill in the gaps of each sentence with the items given. Please write down the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet. 11. Bad news can _______ much faster than good news. A) cover B) deny C) spread D) happen 12. Thanks for your help. We did_______it. A) appreciate B) greet C) respect D) honor 13. The news has just_______that the president is going to visit China next month. A) come out B) come about C) come up D) come down 14. She was so _______ in her job that she didn’t hear anybody knocking at the door. A) attracted B) absorbed C) drawn D) concentrated 15. About half the population in the poor country is still _______. A) literature B) educated C) intellectual D) illiterate 16. Under such_______we should take a new measure at once. A) environment B) surroundings C) situations D) circumstances 17. The beauty of Venice _______ largely in the style of its ancient buildings. A) composes B) consists C) persists D) considers 18. Don’t let yourself be _______doing anything you don’t want to do. A) talked over B) talked into C) talked back D) talked with 19. Many Europeans came to _______ the continent of Africa in the 19th century. A) reform B) engage C) reveal D) explore 20. I consider his suggestion the most _______that has so far been offered. A) sensible B) sensitive C) sentimental D) sensational 21. Although punctual (准时的) himself, the professor was quite used_______late for his lecture. A) to have students B) for students' being C) for students to be D) to students’ being 22. He had worked so hard. He_______ in the exams. A) must have failed B) would have failed C) could have failed D) should not have failed 23. I didn’t have much money on me but I gave them _______ I had. A) one B) which C) that D) what 24. I quite like him. I don’t like his wife, _______. A) though B) although C) yet D) too 25. It is essential that these application forms _______back as early as possible. A) must be sent B) will be sent C) are sent D) be sent 26. _______ you decide to take up, you should try to make it a success. A) If only B) Unless C) Whenever D) Whatever 27. _______ that the trade between the two countries reached its highest point. A) During the 1960s B) That it was in the 1960s C) It was in the 1960s D) It was the 1960s 28. Mark often attempts to escape_______whenever he breaks traffic regulations. A) having been fined B) to be fined C) to have been fined D) being fined 29. Without dust, there ________ no clouds and no rain. A) will be B) can be C) would be D) must be 30. In some cases, different approaches _______ the same scientific problem lead to conflicting theories. A) in B) to C) of D) for 31. My husband suggested _______ to New York for a holiday, but I favored _______Hawaii. A) to go… to visit B) going… to visit C) going… visiting D) to go… visiting 32. It will be the first time I _______London. A) visit B) have visited C) visited D) will visit 33. Only after a hot debate _______to a decision. A) did they finally come B) that they finally came C) when they finally came D) and they finally came 34. It was a beautiful horse that looked as though it _______out of a painting by Xu Beihong. A) come B) has come C) is coming D) had come 35. Their institute has 10,000 students, _______ 2,000 are postgraduates. A) who B) whose C) of whom D) which 36. _______ nothing more to discuss, the CEO got to his feet, said goodbye and left the meeting room. A) There was B) Being C) There being D) As there being 37. He would rather do anything _______ prepare for the test. A) other than B) more than C) better than D) less than 38. _______, I couldn’t find the way to the post office. A) However hard I tried B) However I tried hard C) However hard I try D) Whatever I tried hard 39. Tom _______ my letter; otherwise he would have replied before now. A) ought not have received B) shouldn’t have received C) has been received D) couldn’t have received 40. _______ is true of any developed country, in America the number of wild animals has been on the decrease. A) As B) It C) What D) That Part III Reading Comprehension （Reading in Depth）(1.5’*20=30’) Section A Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please write down the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Questions 41 to 50 are based on the following passage. A) answer B) result C) share D) guilty E) constant F) defined G) vanish H) adapted I) creative J) belief K) suspicious L) certainty M) obsessed N) identify O) ideals | |
The immigrant experience, too, has been one of inharmony. Do as Romans do means eating what “real Americans” eat, but our nation’s food has come to be___45___by imports-pizza, say, or hot dogs. And some of the country’s most treasured cooking comes from people who arrived here in shackles.
Perhaps it should come as no surprise then that food has been a medium for the nation’s defining struggles, whether at the Boston Tea Party or the sit-ins at southern lunch counters. It is integral to our concepts of health and even morality whether one refrains from alcohol for religious reasons or evades meat for political___46___.
But strong opinions have not brought___47___. Americans are ambivalent about what they put in their mouths. We have become___48___of our foods, especially as we learn more about what they contain.
The___49___in food is still prosperous in the American consciousness. It’s no coincidence, then, that the first Thanksgiving holds the American imagination in such bondage(束缚). It’s what we eat—and how we___50___it with friends.
Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A) , B) , C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and write down the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet.
Passage One
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
Sporting activities are essentially forms of hunting behavior. Viewed biologically, the modern foot-baller is in reality a member of a hunting group. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goal-mouth. If his aim is accurate and he scores a goal, he enjoys the hunter’s triumph of killing his prey.
To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look back at our forefathers. They spent over a million years evolving as cooperative hunters. Their very survival depended on success in the hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole way of life, even their bodies, became greatly changed.
They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey-killers. They cooperated as skillful male-group attackers.
Then about ten thousand years ago, after this immensely long period of hunting their food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life, was put to a new use - that of controlling and domesticating their prey. The hunt became suddenly out of date. The food was there on the farms, awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of the hunt were no longer essential for survival.
The skills and thirst for hunting remained, however, and demanded new outlets. Hunting for sport replaced hunting for necessity. This new activity involved all the original hunting sequences but the aim of the operation was no longer to avoid starvation. Instead the sportsmen set off to test their skill against preys that were no longer essential to their survival. To be sure, the kill may have been eaten but there were other simpler ways of obtaining a meaty meal.
51. The author uses the example of the football game to tell us _______.
A) sporting activities are forms of biological developments
B) the difference between sports and hunting
C) the reason why man used to go in for hunting
D) sporting activities have actually evolved from hunting
52. In hunting what is equivalent to a goal-mouth in football match is _______.
A) a killing weapon B) a hunting field
C) a prey D) a member of a hunting group
53. According to the author, our ancestors survived as hunters for over a million years basically through their _______.
A) common sense B) cooperation
C) farming knowledge D) adventures
54. The word “activity” (Line 2, Para.5) refers to _______.
A) sporting activities B) domesticating wild animals
C) growing crops D) hunting
55. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of this passage?
A) Sporting activities satisfy the desire of modern men to practice hunting skills which the forefathers developed for survival.
B) It is farming that brings human into close contact with nature.
C) Sporting activities are vital to human existence because they excuse humans from risks and uncertainties.
D) It is farming that makes hunting completely out of date and unnecessary.
Passage Two
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
The predictability of our mortality rates is something that has long puzzled social scientists. After all, there is no natural reason why 2,500 people should accidentally shoot themselves each year or why 7,000 should drown or 55,000 die in their cars. No one establishes a quota for each type of death. It just happens that they follow a consistent pattern year after year.
A few years ago a Canadian psychologist named Gerald Wilde became interested in this phenomenon. He noticed that mortality rates for violent and accidental deaths throughout the Western world have remained oddly static throughout the whole of the century, despite all the technological advances and increases in safety standards that have happened in that time. Wilde developed an intriguing theory called “risk homeostasis”(风险平衡). According to this theory, people instinctively live with a certain level of risk. When something is made safer, people will get around the measure in some way to reassert the original level of danger. If, for instance, they are required to wear seat belts, they will feel safer and thus will drive a little faster and a little more recklessly, thereby statistically canceling out the benefits that the seat belt confers. Other studies have shown that where an intersection is made safer, the accident rate invariably falls there but rises to a compensating level elsewhere along the same stretch of road. It appears, then, that we have an innate need for danger.
In all events, it is becoming clearer and clearer to scientists that the factors influencing our lifespan are far more subtle and complex than had been previously thought. It now appears that if you wish to live a long life, it is not simply a matter of adhering to certain precautions … eating the right foods, not smoking, driving with care. You must also have the right attitude. Scientists at the Duke University Medical Center made a 15-year study of 500 persons’ personalities and found, somewhat to their surprise, that people with a suspicious or mistrustful nature die prematurely far more often than people with a sunny disposition. Looking on the bright side, it seems, can add years to your life span.
56. What social scientists have long felt puzzled about is why_______.
A) the mortality rate cannot be predicted
B) the death toll remained stable year after year
C) a quota for each type of death has not come into being
D) people lost their lives every year for this or that reason
57. In his research, Gerald Wilde finds that technological advances and increases in safety standards _______.
A) have helped solve the problem of so high death rate
B) have oddly accounted for mortality rates in the past century
C) have reduced mortality rates for violent and accidental deaths
D) have achieved no effect in bringing down the number of deaths
58. According to the theory of “risk homeostasis”, some traffic accidents result from _______.
A) our innate desire for risk
B) our fast and reckless driving
C) our ignorance of seat belt benefits
D) our instinctive interest in speeding
59. By saying “…statistically canceling out the benefits that the seat belt confers” (Para. 2), the author means _______.
A) wearing seat belts does not have any benefits from the statistic point of view
B) deaths from wearing seat belts are the same as those from not wearing them
C) deaths from other reasons counterbalance the benefits of wearing seat belts
D) wearing seat belts does not necessarily reduce deaths from traffic accidents
60. Which of the following may contribute to a longer life span?
A) Showing adequate trust instead of suspicion of others
B) Eating the food low in fat and driving with great care
C) Cultivating an optimistic personality and never losing heart
D) Looking on the bright side and developing a balanced level of risk
Part IV Cloze (0.5’*20=10’)
Directions：There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blanks there are four choices marked A）B）C）and D）. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then write down the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet.
In recent years, more and more foreigners are involved in the teaching programs of the United States. Both the advantages and the disadvantages___61___using foreign faculty（教师总称）___62___teaching positions have to be___63___, of course. It can be said that the foreign______that makes the faculty member from abroad an asset also___65___problems of adjustment, both for the university and for the individual. The foreign research scholar usually isolates___66___in the laboratory as a means of protection; ___67___, what he needs is to be fitted___68___a highly organized university system quite different from___69___at home. He is faced in his daily work___70___differences in philosophy, arrangements of courses and methods of teaching. Both the visiting professor and his students___71___a common ground in each other’s cultures, some___72___of what is already in the minds of American students is___73___for the foreign professor. While helping him to___74___himself to his new environment, the university must also___75___certain adjustments in order to___76___full advantage of what the newcomer can___77___. It isn’t always known how to make___78___use of foreign faculty, especially at smaller colleges. This is thought to be a___79___where further study is called___80___. The findings of such a study will be of value to colleges and universities with foreign faculty.
61. A）with B）for C）of D）at
62. A）in B）on C）for D）within
63. A）thought B）measured C）balanced D）considered
. A）situation B）circumstances C）background D）condition
65. A）carries B）create C）emerges D）solves
66. A）himself B）oneself C）him D）one
67. A）otherwise B）moreover C）however D）whatever
68. A）into B）by C）to D）with
69. A）those B）which C）what D）that
70. A）toward B）with C）to D）at
71. A）have B）possess C）need D）lack
72. A）concept B）feeling C）plan D）intelligence
73. A）ordered B）asked C）put D）required
74. A）place B）adapt C）put D）direct
75. A）remain B）keep C）make D）cause
76. A）take B）make C）do D）be
77. A）show B）afford C）express D）offer
78. A）powerful B）creative C）imaginary D）advanced
79. A）scope B）range C）field D）district
80. A）on B）for C）upon D）at
Part V Translation (2’*5=10’)
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words and phrases given below. Then write the corresponding sentence on the Answer Sheet.
81. It is no good waiting for the bus, ________________________ (我们不妨走回家吧).
82. Mr. Johnson made full preparation for the experiment________________________ (以便实验能顺利进行).
83. Not until Alice had a baby of her own________________________（她才了解）how hard it was for her mother to have brought up her sister and her on her own.
84. I suggested he ________________________ (适应新环境) as soon as possible.
85. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, ________________________ (这一点人人都清楚
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