翻译技巧V
省译法和增译法
英译汉的省略
1. 代词的省略
英语的代词充当主语的情形较多。汉语中代词的使用频率比英语低，英译汉时需省略掉大量的代词。
E.1) If individuals are awakened each time they begin a dream phase of sleep,
they are likely to become irritable even though their total amount of sleep has
been sufficient.
译文：如果人每次都是一进入梦境就被叫醒，即使总睡眠量不少，也会烦躁不安。
E.2) He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.
译文：他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天，一句话也不说。
E.3) He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.
译文：他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。
2. 冠词的省略
汉语没有冠词，但冠词在英语中用得很普遍。一般情况下，英语不定冠词a或an如果不具有数词one的含义便可省去不译；不定冠词the如果不具有指代词this 或that, these, those的含义，也可考虑省略不译。
E.1) The moon was slowly rising above the sea.
译文：月亮慢慢从海上升起。
E.2) Any substance is made of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas.
译文：任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气体，都由原子组成。
E.3）Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful.
译文：冬天是研究树木生长的最好季节，虽则树叶落了，树枝光了，但树木本身却是美丽的。
3. 介词的省略
英译句子中词与词、词组与词组之间的关系经常通过介词来表示，频繁使用介词是英语的特点之一。汉语中介词的使用频率比英语低，因为汉语句子成分之间的关系多依赖语序和逻辑体现出来。英译汉时，英语介词可以转译成动词或省略不译。
E.1) Smoking is prohibitied in pubic places.
译文：公共场合不许吸烟。
E.2) The difference between the two machines consists in power.
译文：这两台机器的差别在于功率不同。
E.3) The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.
译文：彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。
4. 连词的省略
英语重形合，词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子之间的关系，主要通过连词表达。而汉语重意合，词与词之间的关系虽然常借助于连词来表达，但有时也可不用连词而依靠句序来体现。所以英译汉时，连词在一些情况下可以不必翻译出来。
E.1) Only after I had heard his explanation did I understand what it was all about.
译文：听了他的解释，我才知道究竟是怎么回事。
E.2) If I had known it, I would not have joined in it.
译文：早知如此，我就不参加了。
E.3) Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract.
译文：同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。
5. 动词的省略
英语句子严格遵循主谓结构，而汉语句子常常没有主语，也可以省略谓语动词。在英译汉中，英语动词经常作必要的省略，以符合汉语的表达习惯。
E.1) When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low.
译文：气压低，沸点就低。
E.2) Solids expand and contract as liquids and gases do.
译文：如同液体和气体一样，固体也能膨胀和收缩。
E.3) For this reason television signals have a short range.
译文：因此，电视信号的传播距离很短。
6. 非人称代词it的省略
英语中的非人称代词it常常用来表示时间、天气或作句子的形式主语、形式宾语。英
译汉时可省略作形式主语的代词it，使译文通顺、达意。
E.1) Outside it was pitch-dark and it was raining cats and dogs.
译文：外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。
E.2) This formula makes it easy to determine the wavelength of sounds.
译文：这一公式使得测定声音的波长变得容易了。
E.3) It was not until the 18th century that man realized that the whole of the brain was involved in the workings of the mind.
译文：直到18世纪人类才认识到，整个大脑都参与了思维活动。
7. 名词的省略
名词与名词性短语在英语中是必不可少的，有些起着补充的作用，但译成汉语，这些词不符合汉语的习惯，因此，可以省译。
E.1) The time-keeping devices of electronic watches are much more accurate than those of mechanical ones.
译文：电子表比机械表准确得多。
8. 省略冗词
英语原文中有些词、短语可能是不言而喻的，如果把这些词语全盘照译，会形成不必要的冗词。因此，根据汉语的修辞规范常常将这些词省略，使译文简洁洗练。
E.1) There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees.
译文：没有下雪，但叶落草枯。
英译汉的增词
1. 增译名词
E.1) He ate and drank, for he was tired.
译文：他吃点东西，喝点酒，因为很累。
（英语中的一些宾语常隐含在不及物动词里，翻译时应该把它译出。）
E.2) He is a complicated man ---- moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak.
译文：他是一个性格复杂的人----喜怒无常，反复多变，有些犹豫寡欢。
2. 增译动词
E.1) My work, my family and my friends were more than enough to fill my time.
译文：我干工作，我做家务，我有朋友往来，这些占去了我的全部时间。
E.2) In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts, he would work on his term paper.
译文：晚上，在参加完宴会、出席过音乐会后，他还得写学期论文。
3. 增加必要的连词
E.1) Heated, water will change into vapor.
译文：水如受热，就会汽化。
E.2) However carefully boiler castings and steam pipes are sealed, some heat escapes and is lost.
译文：虽然锅炉壳与蒸汽管是严密封闭的，然而还是有一部分热损耗
4．用增词法表达复数概念
英语中没有量词，而汉语中量词是不可缺少的、英译汉时用增词法表达复数的意义。
E.1) He showed me the scars on his legs.
译文：他让我看他双腿上的道道伤痕。
E.2) In the images of falling statues, we have witnessed the arrival of a new era.
译文：随着一座座雕像的倒塌，我们看到了一个新时代的到来。
5. 增加表达抽象概念的范畴词
一些具有动作意义的抽象名词，在译成汉语时，可根据上下文增加范畴词，使译文合乎汉语规范。
E.1) Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty
译文：氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。
E.2) After all preparations were made, the plane took off.
译文：一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就起飞了。
6. 重复性增词
为了使汉语译文更通顺，常采用重复某个词的办法进行增译。
E.1) ‘Shall I bring you a dictionary or an encyclopedia?’ ‘Both, please.’
译文：‘给你带一本词典还是带一本百科全书？’‘ 劳驾把两样都带来 。’
E.2) Everybody has a responsibility to the society of which he is a part and through this to mankind.
译文：每个人都对他所属的社会负有责任，通过社会，对人类负有责任。