第15章 副词

15.1 副词的类型 15.1.1 副词的类型

副词大体上可分为下面几类：  时间副词  地点副词  方式副词  程度副词  强调副词  疑问副词  连接副词  关系副词  句子副词

15.1.2 时间副词 时间副词有三类：

1) 表示发生时间的副词：

It’s beginning to rain now! I haven’t seen her recently. Will you be free tonight?  常见的这类副词有： ago before just now last night lately later(on) now recently so far then today tomorrow tonight yesterday 2) 表示频繁程度的副词，也称频度副词： She is constantly changing her mind.

We do meet now and ten, but not regularly. Lester rarely (seldom) left his room.  这类副词常见的有： always constantly continually continuously ever frequently generally hardly ever much never normally occasionally often periodically rarely regularly repeatedly seldom sometimes usually 3) 还有一些其他表示时间的副词：

I’ll be back presently (shortly).

What decision did you finally arrive at? Nancy was up early.

He has just had an operation.  常见的这类副词有： already early finally first immediately just late long presently right away shortly since soon yet 15.1.3 地点副词

1) 有不少表示地点的副词： She is studying abroad.

If he is not here, he's about somewhere. They moved downtown.

Then I went upstairs to bed.  常见的这类副词有： abroad ahead anywhere ashore away close (by) downstairs downtown eastward elsewhere everywhere halfway here home indoors nearby nextdoor northward nowhere offshore outdoors overhead overseas somewhere southward there underground upstairs uptown westward 2) 还有一部分与介词同形的副词，有人称它们为副词小品词。这些副词与介词同形，跟宾语的为介词，否则是副词： The dead sea is below see level. I could see the river down below. Don’t stand so near the train. He lives quite near. Stand up! A cat climbed up the tree. He jumped off the horse. The bird flew off.

 这类副词主要有： aboard about above across along around behind below beneath beyond down in inside near off on out outside over past round throughout underneath up

3) 还有一些地点副词表示地区范围等： We have no shops locally.

Fortunately the news was not yet spread widely.

Eight million people globally are infected with the virus. The theory has been universally accepted.  常见的这类副词有： globally internationally locally nationally nationwide universally widely worldwide

 此外，以where构成的副词也是地点副词： Let’s go anywhere where it’s quiet. Where did you go? —nowhere.

If she doesn’t like it here, she can go elsewhere. It’s the same everywhere.

I seemed to have met you somewhere.

15.1.4 方式副词

英语中有大量方式副词，说明行为方式（回答how的问题）： She gently refused to accept the gifts. These countries were ruthlessly invaded.

They hoped to see the problem settled peacefully. How beautifully your wife dances.  下面是一些常见的这类副词： abruptly accurately awkwardly badly beautifully brightly brilliantly briskly carefully carelessly casually clearly closely clumsily comfortably consistently conveniently correctly dangerously delicately differently distinctly dramatically effectively efficiently evenly explicitly faintly faithfully fiercely finely firmly fluently formally frankly freely gently gracefully hastily heavily honestly hurriedly intently meticulously neatly nicely oddly patiently peacefully peculiarly perfectly plainly pleasantly politely poorly professionally properly quietly rapidly readily roughly ruthlessly securely sensibly sharply silently simply smoothly softly splendidly steadily strangely subtly superbly swiftly systematically tenderly thoroughly thoughtfully tightly truthfully urgently vaguely vigorously violently vividly voluntarily warmly willingly wonderfully 2) 还有相当多的副词，表示某些情绪： This I gladly accepted.

He shook hands eagerly with Sherlock Holmes. She smiled gratefully. He looked at her sadly.  下面是一些常见的这类副词： angrily anxiously bitterly boldly calmly cheerfully confidently desperately early excitedly furiously gladly gloomily gratefully happily helplessly hopefully hopelessly impatiently miserably nervously passionately proudly reluctantly sadly shyly sincerely uncomfortably uneasily wearily

3) 还有一些以-ly结尾的副词，表示动作发生的情况： The process was controlled automatically. They trafficked in smuggled goods openly. He left the town secretly. I only met her accidentally.

 常见的这类副词有：

accidentally artificially automatically collectively deliberately directly duly illegally independently indirectly individually innocently instinctively involuntarily jointly legally logically mechanically naturally officially openly overtly personally politically privately publicly scientifically secretly specially symbolically

4) 大部分方式副词都由形容词加-ly构成，但有少数不带-ly词尾： I had to work all alone.

So you buy wholesale or retail? She was to fly solo the next day. He spoke impromptu.

15.1.5 程度副词和强调副词

1) 程度副词可修饰动词，表示“到某种程度”： I'm extremely disappointed in him. He loved his mother dearly.

I strongly object to your saying that. I she badly hurt?  常见的这类副词有: absolutely adequately almost altogether amazingly awfully badly completely considerably dearly deeply drastically dreadfully enormously entirely exceedingly excessively extensively extremely fairly fully greatly half highly immensely incredibly intensely largely moderately nearly partly perfectly poorly practically pretty profoundly purely quite rather really reasonably remarkably significantly simple slightly somewhat soundly strongly sufficiently supremely surprisingly terribly totally tremendously truly utterly very virtually well wonderfully

 这类副词除修饰动词外，还可修饰形容词(a)或另一副词(b)： a. fairly simple rather difficult awfully sorry perfectly clear highly confidential quite correct utterly unreasonable truly grateful b. fairly smoothly wonderfully well know full(y) well work quite hard run pretty fast speak exceedingly well

act quite right do it very quickly

2) 强调副词和程度副词很相近，有些就是程度副词。它们主要对所修饰的动词(a)、形容词(b)加以强调： a. I quite agree.

He knew absolutely nothing. Your attitude simply amazes me. b. You're entirely wrong.

She's perfectly correct. The food is just wonderful.  这类副词主要有： absolutely completely entirely just outright perfectly positively purely quite really simply totally truly utterly

3) much是一个特殊的程度副词，它可以： a. 修饰副词（特别是用在否定句中）： she didn’t talk much.

I don’t much like the idea. Thank you very much.

Do you go to the cinema much? b. 修饰形容词等：

I'm much obliged to you for telling me. I'm not much good at singing.

I'm very much afraid that she won't come. Much to my surprise she forgot our meeting. c. 和形容词或副词的比较级或最高级连用： You sing much better than me.

Their house is much nicer than ours.

That was much the best meal I've had for a long time. d. 和how, so ,too等词连用： How much do you like him? He would so much like to go.

She is much too busy to see visitors.

15.1.6 疑问副词、连接副词和关系副词 1) 疑问副词：

疑问副词用来引导特殊问句： How:

How is your grandmother’s rheumatism? How long ago was it?

How do we get to the town center from here? where:

Where did you study medicine?

Where does she come from? Where does this affect us? when:

When can you come?

When did you hear about it?

When is the contract effective from? why:

why was she so late?

Why didn’t you come by plane? Why not go by taxi? 2) 连接副词：

连接副词意思和疑问副词一样，但都引导从句或与不定式连用： how:

That’s how I look at it.

Tell me how you're getting on.

How all this happened was a mystery. Do you know how to start this machine? Where:

I don’t know where he lives.

It’s none of your business where I stay. I can't decide where to go for my holidays. When:

Tell me when you’ll be ready.

When she’ll be back depends on the weather. Tell me when to use this construction. Why:

That’s why I came round.

Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever. I’ll tell you why you have to study grammar. 3) 关系副词：

关系副词可引导关系从句作宾语： Where:

We then moved to Paris, where we lived for 6 years. This’s the hotel where we stayed last summer. There’s one point where I'd like you advice. When:

There came a day when the rain fell in torrents. At the time when I saw him, he was well.

I’ll never forget his surprise when we told him. Why:

The reason why he came is not very convincing. That is the reason why I came so early.

Can you tell me the reason why you are so unhappy?  关于这类关系从句请参阅第22.3.1—22.3.3节。

15.1.7 句子副词

1) 有些副词并不修饰动词，而是修饰整个句子，表示说话人的看法： Frankly I'm afraid your mother will be a little disappointed. Evidently he was sensitive on this topic. Luckily, she was in when I called. I can't come, unfortunately. Hopefully we’ll win. Honestly, I don’t know.

Interestingly, consumer spending has increased. Surprisingly, she has married again.

Seriously now, you ought to take more care of your health.  常见的这类副词有： absurdly admittedly anyway astonishingly coincidently curiously fortunately happily incredibly interestingly ironically luckily miraculously mysteriously naturally oddly of course paradoxically please sadly significantly strangely surprisingly unbelievably understandably unexpectedly unhappily

2) 有少数副词可以和enough连用，起同样的作用：

I thought it would rain, and sure enough it did.

Oddly enough I had no doubt that he would be glad to see me. Curiously enough he had never seen the little girl.

He's lived in France for years, but strangely enough he can't speak a word of French.

Interestingly enough, this proportion has not increased. Funnily enough, I met her only yesterday.

Surprisingly enough, even pretty larceny has seldom occurred.

15.1.8 一些其他类型的副词

除了以上这些类型的副词外，还有一些其他类型的副词，例如： 1) 表示方向的副词： Let’s go inside.

Take two steps forward. He looked backwards.

Walk three blocks and then turn left. Leaving the city, we headed north. He walked a little further on. 2) 使与上下文连接更紧的副词：

The rain was heavy—consequently the land was flooded. They therefore removed him from his position. She asked me to go, so I went.

He was different, however, from the others.

Nevertheless, she decided to act.

Jack ran for a doctor, meanwhile we stayed with the patient. Besides, I want you to promise me one thing. 3) 表示“方面”的副词：

They suffered economically as a result of that policy. Financially we are doing quite well.

It’s politically short-sighted not to recognize this. I feel morally obliged to help them. Theoretically you are right, but things may not work like that in fact. She was far beneath him socially.