复杂句

复杂句

复杂句：一个主句+几个从句；根据从句在句子中的作用，分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。

一、 名词性从句

包括：主语从句subject clause、宾语从句object clause、表语从句 predicative clause、同位语从句 appositive clause

1） 主语从句

What I have said is true.

That she was able to come made us very happy. （在名词性从句中，that 只起连接主句和从句的功能，并不充当任何成分，也无意义）

It is strange that you should like him

(多数情况，由it 作形式主语，将主语从句放在主句之后)

It’s reported that three people won the game.

(It’s + adj./said, reported, thought. believed… + that)

2) 表语从句

主句系动词之后，在句中作表语，引导词有：that（不可省略）、whether、as if，who\\what\\which, when\\where\\how\\why

The question is who can finish the work on time.

He looks as if he is very exhausted.

3) 同位语从句

Vs 定语从句

I hear a piece of news that Yao Ming retired.

that is quite shocking.

在名词后面，进一步说明该名词的具体内容这些特殊的名词如下：fact\\news\\promise\\idea\ruth\\possibility\\hope\\suggestion，连接词用that、how、when、where、why。

She asked the reason why there was a delay.

4)宾语从句

Do you know whom they are waiting for?

We find it necessary that we practice spoken English everyday.

(主句的谓语动词是及物动词make、find、see、hear等，则把宾语从句置于宾语补足语之后，用it 作为形式宾语)

I wonder whether/if daughters are valued as much as sons in the countryside.

特例：

1. 疑问副词（先行词+联系词）引导名词性关系从句

A good friend of mine from ____ I was born showed up at my home.

A. which B. the time C. that D. when

They reached _____ was a farmland before.

A. that B. the place C. where D. what

They reached ______ a lot of unique animals lived.

A. that B. the place C. where D. what

what = the thing which/that先行词+关系代词that/which, 在从句中充当主语，宾语，表语，定语

where= the place where

when= the time when

the way = the way in which

They reached what was a farmland before. (作主语 what = the place that)

They reached where a lot of unique animals

She is doing her work the way I like it done. 表”…的方式”, the way (in which/ that)

2. whoever/whenever/whatever/whichever, no matter who/when/what/which的区别

Actually, whoever works hard can be

whatever they want to be, whether it is a

pilot, an engineer or a manager.

The first prize goes to whoever makes the greatest contribution to the company.

Whatever difficulty/No matter what difficulty you meet, don’t lose heart.

Whoever/no matter who rings, tell him I’m out.

（1）Actually, whoever works hard can be whatever they want to be, whether it is a pilot, an engineer or a manager. (what/ whatever 在此处指职业)

（2）The first prize goes to whoever makes the greatest contribution to the company. (注意从句成分的缺失，此处缺主语，whoever= anyone who。 另 whoever 可代替whomever)

小结：no matter who/which/ what/ where/ when 只能用于状语从句中.

Who/which/ what/ where/ when/ what –ever 用于状语从句及名词性从句中

(3) Whatever it may cost / However much it may cost; Whatever difficulty you may meet with/ However difficult you may meet with

二、定语从句

I like the day which is sunny.

先行词 (定从所修饰的名词或代词) 关系代词（who/whom/whose/which/that）

Do you know Ma Yun who owns Taobao?

This is the place where I lived for a long time.

关系副词（where、when、why等，在从句中做状语，表地点、时间、原因，= prep.+关系代词）

Exercises:

1. The government officials met the workers and engineers working on the stadium, most of _____ were migrant workers.

2. New Concept English is intended for Chinese students, ____ is known to all

of us.

3. This is the person ______ you are looking for.

4. It happened on the day_____ I was born.

5. This is a job _____ we can learn lots of experiences.

6. When the news came _____ the war broke out, he decided to serve in the army.

7. It’s in the office ____ I was to blame for the mistakes.

8. That’s the new machine _____ parts are too small to be seen.

9. The newly-built café, the walls of ____ are painted green, is really a peaceful place for us.

10. Part of Britain was stricken by snowstorms, from _____ effects most passengers in Heathrow were suffering a lot.

特别留意：

1. 定语从句与同位语从句

He came to the decision that he must act at once. （同位语从句，表前面名词的内容，从句不缺成分）

He made a decision that was agreed on by his partners. (定语从句，修饰前面的名词，从句缺少成分，如主语)

2. 强调句与定语从句

1. It is in this very village, where Lily was born 30 years ago, that she will build her first art school, which involves many people to help her.

2. It is the hotel located in the downtown that he applied to for a job. (= which is located in)

3. – Where did you buy this beautiful skirt?

-- It was in the shop where my mother is working. （定语从句，在母亲工作的店里）

总结：定语从句起修饰功能，“…的”；强调句则更凸显主句要反映的事情）

3. whose

Last March, a deadly earthquake and tsunami

struck Japan, causing a nuclear disaster, whose

shadows many Japanese are still living in.

Or :…disaster, of which the shadows many Japanese….

Or:… disaster, the shadows of which many Japanese….

Or: …disaster, and many Japanese are still living in its shadows.

4. where

当先行词表地点或有地点含义的抽象名point/stage/situation/case/instance…,

This is a job where you can learn something.

3. that

必须用that引导的定语从句

词，如

不能用that引导的定语从句

1. This is the best book ____ I’ve read this year.

2. I can’t figure out something _____ we can do to help the poor kid.

3. They are happy to remember the old days and friends ______ they enjoyed in the holiday.

4. Taking exams is the last thing _____ I want to do in the college.

5. I have lost my pen, ______ I like very much.

5. Without facts, we can’t form a correct opinion, for we need to have actual knowledge on ____ to base our thinking.

6. When the Spring Festival comes, there are many “sales” in my city, during ____ time scores will lower their normal prices.

4. 用as 引导的定语从句

(1)Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected.

(2)Such ideas as he hits on are worthless

(3)The man was a teacher, as was evident from his way of speaking.

(4)When lost in reading, as he often was, he would forget all about eating or sleeping.

Note:

1) 在非定语从句中，as 通常只指整个句子的内容，不表示部分内容。且所处位置较灵活。

as 引导的非定从可置于主句前、后、中。as在句中有“正如、就像”之意。

Cf: Oct.1st, which is the National day of China, is celebrated by….

Which 引导的非性定从只能置于句尾

as 引导的非性定语从句通常与一些固定搭配连用，表示“正如”，如：as is often the case, as is well known to all, as often happens, as is mentioned above, as is vividly described / illustrated in the picture, as is expected….

2) as用在性定从，用于such、same、as、so之后，可做主语、宾语、表语\\状语。用来代替表示人或物的先行词

He can write so interesting a story as moves us to tears.

I shall do it in the same way as you did.

I bought the same watch as he had.

Vs I wanted to buy the same watch that he had.

（such。。as。。表示同一类， such。。。that。。。同一块）

三、 状语从句 adverbial clause

在句中做状语，可分为：时间、条件condition 、原因cause、让步concession、目的purpose、结果result、方式manner、地点、比较。

1、 时间状语从句

常用连词：

1) when, as, while [注意细微区别]

Exercise:

_______ everyone was sleeping soundly, a fire disaster took place.

Notes:

when, while, as 的特殊含义：

when 强调事情发生的突然性, 常与be about to do…when; be on the point of

doing; be on the way to doing…when …等连用。

while强调“在…期间”，在一段时间内;

as 强调“一边…一边”。

特殊用法：

when可表“既然，明明…”;

e.g. It cost her much to have broken the law, I wonder why she stole things when she could easily afford them. （when: since，if 既然）

while 表示对比关系，也可表转折，相当于although, despite/ in spite of (the fact that)…等；

as 也可表转折, 但需倒装，如：Try as she might/ Child as she is, she can win.

as 表因为，随着 （As time goes by/ With time going by）

（真题卷中有题目涉及as的不同用法）

2) before/after, since/by, till(until)

3) as soon as/the moment/the instant/minute/day ; immediately/ instantly/ directly一…就….;

every time/ each time每当; the first time第

一次, 这些词都是名词转义做连词

e.g. Every time he came to see me, he would bring me some good news.

4) no sooner...than, hardly/scarcely….when 刚…就…

He had no sooner gone outside than the bell rang.

经常否定词前置，部分倒装

No sooner had he gone outside than the bell rang.

2. 表条件

on condition that 倘若; providing / provided that; suppose(ing) that 如果, 假设

seeing that / considering that…, given考虑到，有鉴于

for fear of / for fear that 唯恐

in case / in case of 万一; lest (that) 以免

as/so long as, only if只要（Vs if only）

e.g.

Jose cupped his hands together to cover his mouth for fear that other people would see him cry.

3. 表原因

because, for, as, since/ now that 既然，由于

in that 因为 seeing/considering that

4.表让步或转折

although/though, as, for all, even if/though；

when/where/what/who/whichever; no matter when/where/what/who/which;

be 引导让步表示“不管。。。”

e.g. They appreciate that Larry, ________ his selfishness, his childlike and neurotic behavior, is a man who enjoys and even embraces life.

A. though B. for all C. but D. as with

5.表比较：

The private jet seems to be more sumptuous than _______.

A. it is necessary B. to be necessary

C. is necessary D. being necessary

The experiment requires more money than has been put in.

than引导比较状语从句，从句中的主语it省略，此处it 指代的是前面提到的money

2) A new iPhone 6 costs almost _________ of a commonly branded mobile phone.

A. three times as the price

B. three times the price

C. as much as three times price

D. three times than the price

A is N times bigger than B

N + 1 times as big as B

N+1 times the size of B

3）what/as(数字间的类比) :

A is to B as/what(首选) C is to D,表示A与B的关系和C与D的关系具有可比性。

e.g. The water is to fish what/as air is to human beings.

Twelve is to three as four is to one.

18之于3等同于6之1。

Exercises:

1. After ____ seemed an eternal chat in the living room, her husband finally came in.

A. that B. it C. which D. what

2. Overpopulation poses a terrible threat to the human race. Yet it is probably __ a threat to the human race than environmental destruction.

A. not more B. no more C. ever more D. much more

3. Intellect is to the mind ________ sight is to the body. (2001, 45)

A. what B. as C. that D. like

4. A heated debate is under way on _____ Chinese media should use English terms like GDP, NBA and WHO.

A. which B. how C. whether

D. what

5. __ we have gained enough knowledge of the language, we shall try to use it as much as possible.

A. Even though B. If only C. Ever since D. Now that

6. This is the best movie _____ this year.

A. appearing B. having appeared C. to appear D. appeared

7. ________, the chairman closed the meeting.

A. There to be no more business

B. There being no more business

C. There be no more business

D. There is no more business

8. Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event _____ is equal to the

probability that it will occur.

A. occurs B. occurring C. occur

D. occurred

9. Before the sales start, I make a list of ____ my kids will need for the coming season.

A. why B. what C. how D. which

10. The expressway we drive to work is always crowded.

A. that B. which C. when D. on which

11. Sound waves travel in the air in much the same way water waves spread on the water.

A. as B. that C. where D. in which

I am going to pursue this course, _____________(无论我要作出什么样的牺牲).

.__________________(直到他完成使命)did he realize that he was seriously ill.

（大多数父母所关心的）is providing the best education possible for their children.

The more you explain, _________________(我愈糊涂).