2022-2023学年上海市高三模拟考试英语试卷

2022-2023学年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试

上海英语模拟试卷

I. Listening comprehension 略

II. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A

Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

Diane Van Deren

On February 19, 2009, Diane Van Deren was one of a dozen runners taking part in the Yukon Arctic Ultra, a 400-mile race across frozen tundra (苔原) in the middle of winter. Not a single woman ____1____(complete) it ever. With temperatures of 30 degrees below zero and only seven hours of daylight each day, it’s probably the ____2____(tough) race in the world. But, then, there is no woman like Diane Van Deren. Twelve years earlier, Van Deren, a former____3____(profession) tennis player, had a serious epilepsy (癫痫).The operation was successful, but she noticed a strange side effect: she could run without stopping for hours.

At the start of the Arctic Ultra, icy winds frozen Van Deren’s water supplies, so she had ____4____to drink for the first hundred miles. She kept ____5____(go) on with frozen fruit and nut bars. On the eleventh day, the ice ____6____her feet cracked open and Van Deren fell up to her shoulders into a freezing river. She managed ____7____(climb) out but her soaked boots froze to her feet. Yet somehow through it all, Van Deren remained positive, ____8____ was perhaps another curious byproduct of her operation. “I have a problem about____9____ is called short-term memory. I could be out running for two weeks, but _____10_____someone told me “it was day one of a race” She jokes, “I’d say, Great, let’s get started!”

On February 26, 2009, exactly twelve years after her surgery, Van Deren crossed the finish line of the Arctic Ultra. She was one of eight finishers — and the first and only woman. 【答案】1. had completed 2. toughest 3. professional 4. nothing 5. going

6. beneath 7. to climb 8. which 9. what 10. if 【解析】

【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述的是Diane Van Deren作为第一位完赛育空极地极限长跑比赛的女性的传奇故事。 【1题详解】

考查时态。句意：之前从未有一个女性完成过这项比赛。根据上文可知，在2009年2月19号Diane Van Deren参加的比赛，在她参加比赛之前，从未有女性完成过。表示一个过去动作之前完成的动作，用过去完成时。故填had completed。 【2题详解】

考查形容词最高级。句意：它可能是世界上最艰难的比赛。根据“ race”可知，要用形容词修饰名词。根据句意，表示该比赛可能是世界上最难的比赛，用形容词最高级。故填toughest。 【3题详解】

Van Deren是一名前职业网球运动员，考查形容词。句意：十二年前，有非常严重的癫痫。根据“tennis player”可知，要用形容词，修饰名词。故填professional。 【4题详解】

考查不定代词。句意：在极地长跑比赛开始的时候，寒风冻住了Van Deren的水补给，所以前三百英里她什么都没有喝。根据“icy winds frozen Van Deren’s water supplies”可知，她没有水可以喝。不定代词nothing符合句意。故填nothing。 【5题详解】

考查非谓语动词。句意：她靠冰冻的水果和坚果棒继续前进。固定搭配keep doing sth表示“继续做某事”，要用动名词作宾语。故填going。 【6题详解】

考查介词。句意：第十一天的时候，Van Deren脚下的冰裂开了，她掉进了一条河里，冰冷的河水没过了她的肩膀。根据“the ice”和“her feet”可知，冰是在脚下的.故填beneath。 【7题详解】

考查非谓语动词。句意：她设法爬出来，但是浸泡了水的靴子冻住了她的脚。固定搭配manage to do sth 表示“设法做成某事”，要用动词不定式作宾语。故填to climb。 【8题详解】

考查定语从句。句意：然而，不知为什么，Van Deren全程都保持积极的心态，这可能是她动完手术的另一

个有趣的副产品。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非性定语从句，从句缺主语，指代前面保持积极这件事，用关系代词which引导。故填which。 【9题详解】

考查宾语从句。句意：在短期记忆方面我有一个问题。分析句子结构可知，“about”后跟了宾语从句，从句缺主语，指事物，用连接词what引导。故填what。 【10题详解】

考查条件状语从句。句意：我可能已经结束比赛两周了。但是，如果有人告诉我：“这是比赛第一天”，她开玩笑地说道：“我会说，太好了，我们开始吧。”根据句意可知，“someone told me”是条件状语从句，用if引导。故填if。

Section B

Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. agreements B. chattering C. efforts D. feasibly E. fulfillment F. hard G. introduced H. morality I. persuaded J. seized K. spoiled Here’s to guilt-free flying

Maj a Rosen gave up flying a decade ago out of concern for its environmental impact. But when she became a mother and started hanging out with other parents, she didn’t bring it up, even when the conversation turned to flying. It would have ____11____ the mood. Then in April 2018, her home country of Sweden ____12____ a tax on aviation (飞行).The climate impacts of flying were on the evening news and the mood changed. Rosen____13____ the moment. With her neighbor Lotta Hammar, she launched a campaign called “We stay on the ground”, which has____14____10,000 people to commit to avoid flights in 2019.

Kudos. But here’s the ____15____ truth: in the grand scheme of things, barely anyone will follow suit. The ____16____ classes tend to have a lot to say about the eco benefits of avoiding meat, cycling and eating locally sourced food. But that ____17____ generally disappears when it comes to flying. We can’t rely on international ____18____ to stop aviation emission either. Yes, the UN has fixed up a deal to cap aviation emissions beyond 2020. But it lacks real bite, allowing airlines to continue emitting carbon provided they offset (抵消)it.

All this means we could really do with green tech riding to the rescue. Here, at least, there is a little good news. Even rather simple measures like freeing planes to fly in straighter lines could ____19____ cut carbon emissions. Hybrid (混合动力的)electric aircraft are also the pipeline. And we already know that planes can mix up to 50 per cent biofuels into their tanks and fly safely.

It’s time to redouble our_____20_____ to make planes green. In the meantime, if you are still looking for a New Year’s resolution, you might want to think about joining those 105000 Swedes. 【答案】11. K 12. G 13. J 14. I 15. F 16. B 17. H 18. A 19. D 20. C 【解析】

【分析】这是一篇说明文。本文由介绍一项由瑞典女性发起的“不乘坐飞机”运动开启，进而介绍目前让航空业更加绿色环保面临的问题，最后呼吁人们要加大环保力度。 【11题详解】

考查谓语动词。句意：谈话气氛会被破坏。分析句子结构可知，设空处应填写动词过去分词，与前面的助动词would have构成谓语，spoiled“破坏”为动词过去分词形式，符合文意，故选 K项。 【12题详解】

考查谓语动词。句意：然后到了2018年4月，她的祖国瑞典出台了一项针对飞行的税收。分析句子结构可知，设空处应填写动词作谓语；又根据时间状语in April 2018可知，该处应填写动词过去式，表示“引入……（）”，introduce“引入；介绍”为动词，符合文意，故选G项。 【13题详解】

考查谓语动词。句意：Rosen抓住了这个时机。分析句子结构可知，设空处应填写动词作谓语；根据前文的句意可知，设空处还是表述过去发生的事情，应使用动词的过去式，seized“抓住；占据”为动词过去式形式，符合文意，故选J项。 【14题详解】

考查谓语动词。句意：她和邻居Lotta Hammar共同发起一个名为“我们在地面”运动。此次运动已经在2019年说服了1万人承诺不再乘坐飞机。分析句子结构可知，设空处应填写动词作谓语；又根据空格前的助动词has可知，该处填写动词过去分词形式，构成现在完成时态，persuaded“说服”为动词过去式形式，符合文意，故选I项。 【15题详解】

考查形容词作定语。句意：但是这里有一个残酷的事实：声势浩大的事情，几乎任何人都会跟风加入。分析句子结构可知，该处应填写形容词，hard“艰难的；残酷的”为形容词，作truth的定语，表示“残酷的

现实”，故选F项。 【16题详解】

考查非谓语动词。句意：喜欢对社会发表意见的人们往往很愿意谈论素食、自行车骑行和选择就近生产的食物带来的生态环境益处。分析句子结构可知，该空格处作定语，chattering classes为固定搭配，意为“清谈阶层；喜欢对政治或社会问题发表意见的人”，故选B项。 【17题详解】

考查名词。句意：但是这种道德准则遇到飞行话题上就会缺位。分析句子结构可知，空格处应填写名词，作主语；根据空格前的that可知，该处指代上文人们生态保护方面的道德准则，morality“道德；道德准则”为名词，符合文意，故选H项。 【18题详解】

考查名词。句意：我们也不能只是依靠国际协议来阻止航空业的温室气体排放。分析句子结构可知，该空格处应填写名词，作宾语，agreements“协议；合同”为名词，符合文意，故选A项。 【19题详解】

考查副词。句意：即使是相当简单的措施，如让飞机以直线飞行，也可以有效减少碳排放。混合动力的电动飞机也在蓄势待发。分析句子结构可知，该空格处应填写副词，修饰谓语动词cut，feasibly“可行地；行得通地”为副词，符合句意表述，故选D项。 【20题详解】

考查名词。句意：我们如今要加倍努力，让航空业变得更加绿色环保。分析句子结构可知，该处应填写名词，作宾语；efforts“努力”为名词，符合文意，故选C项。

III. Reading Comprehension Section A

Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.

In summarising the state of the planet—rising population, widespread conflict, one-sixth of the planet suffering extreme poverty and hunger, global warming—Jeffrey Sachs, author of “The Common Wealth, can paint a terrible picture. However, he’s an____21____ and believes that all of these problems can be overcome in relatively straightforward ways and at relatively little cost. That’s because the root causes are interconnected and ____22____ man-made.

Take child mortality (死亡). Perhaps surprisingly, the higher the child mortality rate is, the higher the birth rate. This leads to a ____23____ population which puts a greater stress on already scarce resources, so farmers have to work harder to produce enough food for all, which means children are often put to work in the fields or at home. This,

____24____ , stops children getting the education which will allow them to learn, among other things, about better farming techniques to increase crop yields and provide more food to eat and sell. Sachs argues that the____25____ of providing every child in poverty with an anti-mosquito bed net is a major first step. Malaria(疟疾)is a huge cause of death in children and the bed nets massively ____26____ infections. The fewer children that die of malaria, the more secure parents feel about their children surviving. The more secure parents feel, the fewer children they have, and so on, revising the ____27____ trend just described. However, it is ____28____ a combination of measures at the same time that truly makes a difference: free school meals improve school attendance and health; supplying fertilisers to improve soil and better seeds provides even better harvests; basic health care and clean water supplies____29____ more fatal diseases. These ideas are already being _____30_____ implemented in over 100 African villages in underdeveloped regions. The cost of the project is just $10 per person per year, of which 50% comes from donors and the rest from a mixture of local and national governments and the villagers themselves.

So if it’s so _____31_____ , why hasn’t it been done before? What about all the aid that has been given to Africa and the underdeveloped countries of the world? Has it been lost to corruption ()? Sachs argues that the real problem is not corruption, but the fact that rich governments have _____32_____ such a lot, but actually given so little. They agreed to give 0.7% of national income in aid, but only five countries have met that _____33_____. He suggests current aid is $24 billion per year, which translates as just ten dollars per person—not nearly enough to implement the _____34_____ measures. So while Sachs sees an opportunity to end poverty forever, he also raises an _____35_____ that this could be the last chance we have, ‘The longer we wait, the greater is the suffering and the larger the long-term costs? 21. A. economist 22 A. prospectively 23. A. declining 24. A. in turn 25. A. truth 26. A. transmit 27. A. downward 28. A. describing 29. A. modify 30. A. successfully 31. A. popular

B. optimist B. essentially B. global B. by contrast B. principle B. specify B. general B. reserving B. intensify B. hesitantly B. simple

C. expert C. thoughtfully C. booming C. on end C. solution C. worsen C. modem C. adopting C. prevent C. personally C. hard

D. opponent D. refreshingly D. local D. with care D. statement D. reduce D. previous D. protesting D. locate D. worthlessly D. strange

32. A. spent 33. A. requirement 34. A. restricted 35. A. alarm

B. promised B. condition B. standardized B. objection

C. learned C. challenge C. requested C. amount

D. featured D. target D. combined D. instance

21. B 22. B 23. C 24. A 25. C 26. D 27. A 28. C 29. C 30. A 31. 【答案】

B 32. B 33. D 34. D 35. A 【解析】

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍的是《共同财富》一书的作者Jeffrey Sachs认为当前的世界状况可以使用简单且成本较低的方式解决，同时也指出了执行这一些列措施的过程中出现的问题，最后也给人类发出警报：这是我们最后的机会啦。 【21题详解】

考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，他是一个乐观的人，并相信所有这些问题都可以以相对直接的方式和相对较低的成本来解决。A. economist经济学家；B. optimist乐观主义者；C. expert专家；D. opponent对手。根据下文中的“…believes that all of these problems can be overcome in relatively straightforward ways and at relatively little cost.”可知，他认为可以通过简单且成本较低的方式解决这一难题，由此可知，他是一个乐观的人。故选B项。 【22题详解】

考查副词词义辨析。句意：这是因为根本原因是相互关联的，本质上是人为的。A. prospectively预期地；B. essentially本质上；C. thoughtfully深思地；D. refreshingly清爽地。根据下文“Sachs argues that the real problem is not corruption, but the fact that rich governments have ____12____ such a lot, but actually given so little. They agreed to give 0.7% of national income in aid, but only five countries have met that ____13____.”以及全文语境可知，造成问题没有解决的本质是人为的原因。故选B项。 【23题详解】

考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这导致人口激增，给本已稀缺的资源带来更大的压力，因此农民必须更加努力地工作，为所有人生产足够的食物，这意味着儿童经常被安排在田间或家里工作。A. declining衰退的；B. global全球的；C. booming繁荣的；D. local当地的。根据上文中的“Perhaps surprisingly, the higher the child mortality rate is, the higher the birth rate.”可知，死亡率越高，出生率就越高，这就可以造成人口增长。故选C项。 【24题详解】

考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：反过来，这又阻碍了儿童接受教育，使他们能够学习更好的耕作技术，以提高作物产量，提供更多的食物和销售。A. in turn转而；B. by contrast相比之下；C. on end连续地；D. with

care小心地。根据上文中的“… so farmers have to work harder to produce enough food for all, which means children are often put to work in the fields or at home.”可知，孩子们被安置在田间或者是在家里工作，造成的结果是阻止了他们接受教育。故选A项。 【25题详解】

考查名词词义辨析。句意：Sachs认为，为每个贫困儿童提供防蚊帐的解决方案是重要的第一步。A. truth事实；B. principle原则；C. solution解决方法；D. statement陈述。根据上文中的“…that all of these problems can be overcome in relatively straightforward ways and at relatively little cost.”可知，这是Sachs所提到的简单而又廉价的解决方法的第一步。故选C项。 【26题详解】

考查动词词义辨析。句意：疟疾是儿童死亡的巨大原因，蚊帐大大减少了感染。A. transmit转换；B. specify明确指出；C. worsen使恶化；D. reduce减少。根据“the bed nets massively ”可知，蚊帐大大减少了感染。故选D项。 【27题详解】

考查形容词词义辨析。句意：父母越有安全感，他们的孩子就越少，等等，从而改变了之前描述的低迷趋势。A. downward向下的；B. general总体的；C. modern现代的；D. previous以前的。根据上文中的“Perhaps surprisingly, the higher the child mortality rate is, the higher the birth rate.”可知，死亡率越高，出生率就越高，反过来，孩子们死亡的少了，家长安全感增强了，出生率也随之下降。故选A项。 【28题详解】

考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，它同时采取了一系列措施，真正起到了作用:免费校餐提高了出勤率和健康水平;提供肥料来改善土壤，提供更好的种子带来更好的收成;基本保健和清洁水供应防止了更多致命疾病。A. describing描写；B. reserving预约；C. adopting采纳，收养；D. protesting。根据下文列举的一些列措施，可知，此处指的是“采用”这一些措施才会产生一系列的效果。故选C项。 【29题详解】

考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，它同时采取了一系列措施，真正起到了作用:免费校餐提高了出勤率和健康水平;提供肥料来改善土壤，提供更好的种子带来更好的收成;基本保健和清洁水供应防止了更多致命疾病。A. modify修改；B. intensify加剧，增强；C. prevent阻止；D. locate定位。根据上文中“basic health care and clean water supplies”并结合常识可知，基本的卫生保健和干净的水应该是可以“预防”疟疾的发生。故选C项。 【30题详解】

考查副词词义辨析。句意：这些想法已经在欠发达地区的100多个非洲村庄成功实施。A. successfully成功B. hesitantly迟疑地；C. personally个人地；D. worthlessly无价值地。地；根据下文中的“So if it’s so ____11____ ,

why hasn’t it been done before?”分析之前没有实施的原因，可推知此处为“成功地”实施。故选A项。 【31题详解】

考查形容词词义辨析。句意：那么如果这么简单，为什么以前没有做过呢？A. popular受欢迎的；B. simpleC. hard困难的；D. strange奇怪的，简单的；陌生的。根据上文中的“The cost of the project is just $10 per person per year, of which 50% comes from donors and the rest from a mixture of local and national governments and the villagers themselves.”可知，每人每年10美元，这执行起来并不难。故选B项。 【32题详解】

考查动词词义辨析。句意：Sachs认为，真正的问题不是，而是富裕承诺了这么多，但实际上给予的却很少。A. spent花费，度过；B. promised承诺，答应；C. learned学习；D. featured以……为特色。根据下文中的“…but actually given so little.”可知，该空与下文表示转折关系，下文描述的是实际上给的少，由此可推断，上文“承诺”的多。故选B项。 【33题详解】

考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们同意将国民收入的0.7%用于援助，但只有五个国家实现了这一目标。A. requirement要求；B. condition条件；C. challenge挑战；D. target目标。根据上文“They agreed to give 0.7% of national income in aid, but…”中的but可知，上文提到的是“拿出国民收入的0.7%用于援助”，但是只有五个国家达到这一标准，所以，此处表示未实现既定目标。故选D项。 【34题详解】

考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他认为，目前的援助是每年240亿美元，相当于每人只有10美元，远远不足以实施综合措施。A. restricted的；B. standardized使标准化的；C. requested要求的；D. combined联的合。根据上文中的“However, it is ____8____ a combination of measures at the same time that truly makes a difference…”可知，此处指的是多项联合的措施。故选D项。 【35题详解】

考查名词词义辨析。句意：因此，虽然Sachs看到了永远终结贫困的机会，但他也发出了警告，这可能是我们最后的机会，“我们等待的时间越长，痛苦就越大，长期成本就越大？A. alarm警报；B. objection反对；C. amount数量；D. instance例子。根据下文中的同位语从句“…that this could be the last chance we have, ‘The longer we wait, the greater is the suffering and the larger the long-term costs?”，结合句意可知，此处表示的是给与人们发出的“警报”。故选A项。

Section B

Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

(A)

I’m in Marrakech, the heart of Morocco at the base of the Atlas Mountains, with my son, Sam. He’s eight. We’ve come here with Mohamed, a friend who owns a store in our New York neighborhood. We’re regular customers at Mohamed’s store, where Sam can often be found negotiating with his friend. When they’re not bargaining, they’re chatting about swords, or camels, or the desert. “You need to come to Marrakech,” Mohamed told me. “I’ll show you around and teach Sam how to really get a bargain!” So here we are.

We meet up with Mohamed over a cup of tea at a table outside the tiny Cafe ben Youssef, deep in the old city of Marrakech. We’re sitting in an area bordering the stalls of the marketplace. Vendors(小贩)with carts offer freshly squeezed orange juice, others sell dates or figs. Nearby are the workshops that supply the goods to this world-famous market.

Later, as we walk around, Mohamed begins the first of his bargaining tutorials for Sam.

“Everything in Morocco is open to negotiation, Sam. When you hear a price, the first thing you say is ‘Too much’ then walk away.”

“But what if I like it?”

“When you see something you like, maybe a lamp, you ask about something else instead. Then, as you walk out, you ask, “And how much is that lamp?” As though you’d just noticed it and aren’t really interested in it.”

We turn a comer and are greeted with sweet-smelling orange blossoms. “Don’t always give an offer. Make them continue to lower the price. Oh, and wear something Moroccan.” Mohamed continues, as we enter a fairly large shop. Most of the stalls in Marrakech specialize in one thing, but not this one. Decorative and lethal-looking swords hang beside soft hand-dyed fabrics; large camel bones covered in writing sit beside massive copper lamps. It is here that Sam spots a box. “Look, a treasure chest!” It’s made of wood, and painted red and gold. He opens the lid, then closes it. “Cool.” Then he spots a tall, cobalt blue, tear-shaped old perfume bottle. “Four hundred dirham,” the shopkeeper pronounces. Sam says nothing. Whether he’s too shy or is practicing Mohamed’s bargaining technique, I can’t tell. He eventually agrees to pay 200 dirham, about $24. Mohamed says the bottle is worth $10, at most. Clearly, his negotiating skills need a little work. “Just to get started, Dad,” Sam measures me as he pays for the bottle. 36. According to Mohamed, people in Marrakech like________. A. bargaining C. drinking tea

B. trading

D. showing friends around

37. What does Mohamed advise Sam to do when he finds something he likes? A. To look for something similar in another shop. B. To complain to the vendor about its high price.

C. To conceal his real preference from the vendor. D. To ask the vendor about the price as soon as possible.

38. What does the writer imply about Sam’s first negotiating experience? A. It is far from successful.

B. It costs Sam more than the money he pays. C. It reveals Sam’s potential in negotiation. D. It shows that Sam is too shy for negotiation.

39. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. A Shopping Trip. C. A Busy City.

【答案】36. A 37. C 38. A 39. D 【解析】

【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要描述了Marrakech的人们喜欢讨价还价及一些讨价还价的技巧。 【36题详解】

细节理解题。根据第一段最后两句“I’ll show you around and teach Sam how to really get a bargain! So here we are.”（我会带你四处逛逛，教教山姆如何才能买到真正的便宜货。所以我们就来这里了。）可知，在Marrakech的人们喜欢讨价还价，买便宜货。故选A项。 【37题详解】

细节理解题。根据第六段最后一句“As though you’d just noticed it and aren’t really interested in it.”（就好像你刚刚注意到它，对它一点都不感兴趣一样。）可知，当遇到自己喜欢的东西时，要隐藏自己的喜欢避免小贩发现，抬高价格。故选C项。 【38题详解】

细节理解题。根据第七段倒数第二句“Clearly, his negotiating skills need a little work. ”（很明显，他的谈判技巧还需要一点练习。）并结合上文山姆高价买了物品，可知，山姆的第一次讲价的经历并不成功。故选A项。

【39题详解】

主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“Later, as we walk around, Mohamed begins the first of his bargaining tutorials for Sam.”（之后，当我们四处逛的时候，Mohamed开始教授山姆讨价还价第一课。）并结合文章内容可知，主要描述一些市场上买东西讨价还价的技巧。故选D项。

B. The Charm of the Market D. The Art of the Deal

(B)

The Man Who Ate his Boots is a fascinating account of expeditions that went wrong. The book examines the 19th

century search for a route to Asia by way of the Northwest Passage through the Arctic Ocean. Author Anthony Brandt describes the many attempts by both land and sea that ended in failure and tragedy, including the 1845 expedition led by Sir John Franklin. Brandt shows how these brave, yet sometimes foolish, explorers could have avoided starvation, frostbite, and even death if they had copied the survival techniques of the local Inuit people. Some of the more surprising details the book reveals include:

IGLOOS The explorers, despite repeatedly watching the Inuit build igloos, insisted on using canvas tents. Tents freeze in sub-zero temperatures and give little protection to anyone inside them. If they had learned to build igloos, the explorers would have been warm even in the worst Arctic weather.

SEALSKIN If the explorers had worn sealskin and furs like the Inuit, they wouldn’t have suffered from the frostbite that was common among them, but rare among the Inuit.

DOG TEAMS Why didn’t the British use dog teams to pull their sleds? Pulling sleds themselves was a tradition among many explorers right into the early 20th century. It cost Scott and his men their lives on their return from the South Pole in 1912.

The British did get something right, however, when Captain Edward Parry grew salad vegetables in boxes on board his ship. It was known that fresh vegetables and fresh meat prevented scurvy (坏血病)，although at that time the reason for this (vitamin C) had not been discovered. Parry’s men wouldn’t have been as healthy if they hadn’t eaten the salads.

40. In The Man Who Ate his Boots’ the author mainly ________. A. introduces some foolish explorers B. focuses on some unsuccessful expeditions C. analyzes the Inuit people’s survival techniques

D. explores the advances in equipment used for expeditions

41. According to Anthony Brandt, what should the explorers have done? A. They should have learned more about how seals survived in cold water. B. They should have set up more canvas tents to keep themselves warm. C. They should have helped the Inuit people build igloos. D. They should have used dogs to pull the sleds for them. 42. It can be inferred from the passage that________. A. Edward Parry found a way to prevent scurvy by accident B. Edward Parry’s successful voyage was a rare case at that time C. Edward Parry was the first captain that grew salad vegetables on board

D. Edward Parry’s men could have been more healthy if they took vitamin C 【答案】40. B 41. D 42. A 【解析】

【导语】本文是一篇应用文。介绍的是一本名为The Man Who Ate his Boots的探险书，书中讲述了一次失败的探险，并在文章中列出了几项书中透露的惊人细节。 【40题详解】

细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Author Anthony Brandt describes the many attempts by both land and sea that ended in failure and tragedy, including the 1845 expedition led by Sir John Franklin.(作者Anthony Brandt描述了许多以失败和悲剧告终的陆地和海上尝试，包括1845年由约翰·富兰克林爵士领导的探险队。)”可知，描述的主要是以失败和悲剧告终的探险活动，由此可推断，书中主要集中讲述几次不成功的探险。故选B项。 【41题详解】

细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Why didn’t the British use dog teams to pull their sleds? Pulling sleds themselves was a tradition among many explorers right into the early 20th century. It cost Scott and his men their lives on their return from the South Pole in 1912.(为什么英国人不使用狗队来拉雪橇？拉雪橇本身是许多探险家的传统，直到20世纪初。1912年，Scott和他的手下从南极返回时，他们付出了生命的代价。)”可知，Anthony Brandt在指责探险队为什么不使用狗拉爬犁而造成探险队员付出生命的代价。故选D项。 【42题详解】

推理判断题。根据最后一段“The British did get something right, however, when Captain Edward Parry grew salad vegetables in boxes on board his ship. It was known that fresh vegetables and fresh meat prevented scurvy (坏血病)，although at that time the reason for this (vitamin C) had not been discovered. Parry’s men wouldn’t have been as healthy if they hadn’t eaten the salads.(然而，当船长Edward Parry在他的船上用盒子种植沙拉蔬菜时，英国人确实做对了。众所周知，新鲜蔬菜和新鲜肉类可以预防坏血病，尽管当时尚未发现其原因（维生素C）。如果Parry的手下没有吃沙拉，他们就不会那么健康。)”可知，尽管那时候没有人知道新鲜蔬菜和肉能预防坏血病的发生，但是Parry在船上种植沙拉蔬菜，却让船上的人很健康，由此可推断，Parry无意中发现预防坏血病的方法。故选A项。

(C)

Everything we know suggests that the universe is unusual. It is flatter, smoother, larger and emptier than a “typical” universe predicted by the known laws of physics. If we reached into a hat filled with pieces of paper, each with the specifications of a possible universe written on it, it is unlikely that we would get a universe anything like ours in one pick—or even a billion.

The challenge that cosmologists face is to make sense of this specialness. One approach to this question is

inflation—the hypothesis (假设) that the early universe went through a stage of fast expansion. At first, inflation seemed to do the trick. A simple version of the idea gave correct predictions for the spectrum of fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background.

But a closer look shows that we have just moved the problem further back in time. To make inflation happen at all requires us to fine-tune the initial conditions of the universe. And unless inflation is highly tuned, it leads to a runaway process of universe creation. As a result, some cosmologists (宇宙学家) suggest that there is not one universe, but an infinite number, with a huge variety of properties: the multiverse. There are an infinite number of universes in the collection that are like our universe and an infinite number that are not. But the proportion of infinity to infinity is undefined, and can be made into anything the theorist wants. Thus the multiverse theory has difficulty making any firm predictions and threatens to take us out of the area of science.

These other universes are unobservable and because chance dictates the random distribution of properties across universes, suggesting the existence of a multiverse does not let us get to anything about our universe beyond what we already know. As attractive as the idea may seem, it is basically a sleight of hand, which turns an explanatory failure into an apparent explanatory success. The success is empty because anything that might be observed about our universe could be explained as something that must, by chance, happen somewhere in the multiverse.

We started out trying to explain why the universe is so special, and we end up being asked to believe that our universe is one of an infinite number of universes with random properties. This makes me suspect that there is a basic but unexamined assumption about the laws of nature that must be overturned.

Cosmology has new questions to answer. Not just what are the laws, but why are these laws the laws? How were they chosen? We can’t just hypothesise what the initial conditions were at the big bang, we need to explain those initial conditions. Thus we are in the position of a computer program asked to explain its inputs. It is clear that if we are to get anywhere, we need to invent new methods, and perhaps new kinds of laws, to gain a scientific description of the universe as a whole.

43. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true of our universe? A. There are several hypotheses about its early stage. B. There are more than one billion universes similar to ours.

C. It is expanding at a greater speed that it did at the stage of the big bang. D. It is different from the predictions made according to the laws of physics. 44. What does the writer imply about the hypothesis of inflation? A. It hasn’t been challenged.

C It is by far the most reasonable approach.

B. It doesn’t make much sense.

D. It is the simple version of a complicated idea.

45. Which word in the passage is similar in meaning to the phrase “sleight of hand” (paragraph 4)? A. process

B. prediction

C. trick

D. infinity

46. It can be inferred from the passage that the writer________.

A. believes the idea of the multiverse will help us to understand our universe better B. argues there is a fixed proportion of universes like ours to those unlike ours C. holds computer programs can work better than humans in cosmology D. thinks some laws of nature that we take for granted may be false 【答案】43. D 44. B 45. C 46. D 【解析】

【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了一些我们认为理所当然的自然法则一定是真实的吗？作者认为一些自然法则未必是真实的，一些未经检验的假设必须被推翻。 【43题详解】

细节理解题。根据第一段关键句“It is flatter, smoother, larger and emptier than a “typical” universe predicted by the known laws of physics.”（它比已知的物理定律所预测的“典型”宇宙更平坦、更光滑、更大、更空洞。）可知，真实的宇宙比已知的物理定律所预测的“典型”宇宙更平坦、更光滑、更大、更空洞，由此可知，我们的宇宙与根据物理学定律所作的预测不同。故选D项。 【44题详解】

推理判断题。根据第三段关键句“To make inflation happen at all requires us to fine-tune the initial conditions of the universe. And unless inflation is highly tuned, it leads to a runaway process of universe creation.”（要使膨胀发生，需要我们对宇宙的初始条件进行微调。除非膨胀得到高度调整，否则它会导致宇宙创造失控。）可知，作者认为，要想宇宙膨胀的假设成立，就需要我们对宇宙的初始条件进行微调，但除非膨胀得到高度调整，否则它会导致宇宙创造失控，在这种情况下，宇宙膨胀的假设并不成立，由此可知，作者认为膨胀假设是没什么意义的。故选B项。 【45题详解】

词义猜测题。根据画线短语句中“which turns an explanatory failure into an apparent explanatory success”（这将解释性失败转化为明显的解释性成功）和下文“The success is empty because anything that might be observed about our universe could be explained as something that must, by chance, happen somewhere in the multiverse.”（成功是空洞的，因为我们宇宙中可能观察到的任何东西都可以解释为在多元宇宙中偶然发生的事情。）可知，宇宙学家的这种想法将解释性失败转化为明显的解释性成功，但这种成功是空洞的，由此可知，这种想法基本上是一种巧妙的把戏，因为我们宇宙中可能观察到的任何东西都可以解释为在多元宇宙中偶然发生的事情，“trick”意为“把戏”，能够表达画线短语在句中所要表达的意思。故选C项。

【46题详解】

推理判断题。根据第一段关键句“It is flatter, smoother, larger and emptier than a “typical” universe predicted by the known laws of physics.”（它比已知的物理定律所预测的“典型”宇宙更平坦、更光滑、更大、更空洞。）和倒数第二段关键句“This makes me suspect that there is a basic but unexamined assumption about the laws of nature that must be overturned.”（这让我怀疑，关于自然法则，有一个基本但未经检验的假设必须被推翻。）可知，我们的宇宙比已知的物理定律所预测的“典型”宇宙更平坦、更光滑、更大、更空洞，作者认为一些自然法则未必是真实的，基本但未经检验的假设必须被推翻，由此可知，作者认为一些我们认为理所当然的自然法则可能是错误的，需要被推翻。故选D项。

Section C

Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

Silly Mistakes Hit the Headlines

We have probably all had moments when we said the wrong thing. I certainly have. There was the time at university when I met a friend in a coffee bar after class and immediately started complaining about our tutor, who was called Dr Gray. I was going on and on about how miserable she was一strict, boring, unfriendly—and my friend wasn’t really saying much. After a minute or so, she interrupted me and said, “Um, I think I should introduce you”. She then turned to this other student who I hadn’t really noticed up till then and said, ”This is Tracy. Tracy Gray’!

Fortunately, the result of putting my foot in it was only an awkward moment and a stony silence. Maybe my friends thought a little less of me, maybe they thought I was an idiot, but no real harm was done. ____47____ Take Gerald Ratner. He was the multimillionaire owner of a chain of shops that sold cheap jewellery. In what was supposed to be a light-hearted speech to some fellow businessmen, he joked about the quality of some of his products. He said some earrings were ‘cheaper than a sandwich, but probably wouldn’t last as long’. Other products could be sold at such low prices because they were rubbish. ____48____ Ratner had to resign as director and shortly afterwards the company was taken over by a competitor.

In some ways, Ratner could be seen as unfortunate in that he was in a semi-private meeting with friends and colleagues he was at ease with, but there happened to be a journalist there. ____49____ And with the rise of social media, there have been plenty of others who have been caught out by the increasingly vague boundaries between our private and public faces. For example, a group of flight attendants made jokes about the engines on their planes failing and complained about their airline and clients (客户).____50____ Unfortunately, they did it publicly on and it led to thirteen of them being fired.

A. Unsurprisingly, when his customers heard about the jokes they didn’t see the funny side and the share price of the

company crashed.

B. All I can say is that it’s the same with the famous!

C. The same is not true for everyone, particularly if you are famous.

D. What makes things worse for the famous is that these mistakes become even more widely publicised because of 24-hour news channels and websites.

E. This is the kind of thing many people might do privately when they get together with colleagues after work. F. As a result, what was private suddenly became public. 【答案】47. C 48. A 49. F 50. E 【解析】

【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要通过举例子的方式描述了一些人不分场合，时间，地点的随意讲一些本该私下交流的事情，最终可能会导致严重的后果。 【47题详解】

上文“Maybe my friends thought a little less of me, maybe they thought I was an idiot, but no real harm was done.”（可能我的朋友会看轻我，可能他们认为我很傻，但对我并没有实质的伤害）说明我的举动虽然尴尬，但没有实质性害处。结合下文Gerald Ratner的例子，说明他在公开场合不合宜的言论给他的公司带来实质性的损害。故C项“The same is not true for everyone, particularly if you are famous.”（这样的结果并不适用每一个人，尤其是当你是名人的时候。）承上启下，符合句意。故选C项。 【48题详解】

下文“Ratner had to resign as director and shortly afterwards the company was taken over by a competitor.”（Ratner不得不辞去董事长的职位，不久他的公司就被竞争对手接管了。）可知，他在公开场合不合宜的言论导致了他的破产。A项“Unsurprisingly, when his customers heard about the jokes they didn’t see the funny side and the share price of the company crashed.”（不幸的是，当他的客户听到他的玩笑后，他们看到的不是事情有趣的一面，公司股票价格也随之一落千丈。）表明了客户听到他的言论后的反应，最终导致了Ratner的辞职。故选A项。 49题详解】

上文“In some ways, Ratner could be seen as unfortunate in that he was in a semi-private meeting with friends and colleagues he was at ease with, but there happened to be a journalist there. ”（从某种程度看，Ratner不幸的原因在于他参加的是一个半私密的会议，有相处融洽的朋友和同事，但是碰巧还有记者。）说明Ratner不幸的原因是在记者面前谈论了私密的事情，记者会把这些公之于众。故F项“As a result, what was private suddenly became public.”（结果，私密的事突然变成了公开使事。）说明了记者在场的后果，符合句意。故选F项。 【50题详解】

上文“For example, a group of flight attendants made jokes about the engines on their planes failing and complained about their airline and clients”（举例来说，一群乘务员开玩笑说飞机引擎坠落了，抱怨他们的航行和客户。）说明乘务员在公开谈论不合宜的事情，与E项“This is the kind of thing many people might do privately when they get together with colleagues after work.”（对于在这种事情，许多人会在下班之后聚在一起私下交流。）中“This is the kind of thing”形成照应，并给出了应对这样的事情的正确办法，符合题意。故选E项。

IV. Summary Writing

51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible.

Cities in the Sea

They may be small, but they build big things! Coral polyps (珊瑚虫), which live in the warm, shallow parts of the Earth’s oceans, are probably the biggest builders on the planet. Coral polyps turn calcium from seawater into a hard material called limestone. Slowly, they build up a hard skeleton (骨架) around their bodies. When polyps die, their skeletons remain. Young polyps attach themselves to the old skeletons and make new skeletons. Over time, weird and wonderful shapes are slowly built up into amazing coral reefs (珊瑚礁).

Scientists sometimes think of coral reefs as underwater cities. A quarter of all known marine species live in reef habitats―there are nearly a thousand coral species. Reefs are also home to millions of sea creatures, like fish, crabs, turtles, and sharks.

Humans don’t live in coral reef cities, but we benefit from them. Reefs create jobs for people in the fishing industry and other related businesses. Coral reefs are also popular for divers一many countries benefit from the tourists that they attract. Lastly, chemicals from reef creatures help scientists create new medicines, which help doctors treat different illnesses.

Coral reefs are very important, yet we don’t take good care of them. Environmental problems have already killed about twenty percent of the world’s reefs. About half of the remaining reefs are dying, and experts believe all of Earth’s coral reefs will be in danger by 2050.

Why are the reefs in such trouble? For one thing, people catch too many reef fish and often damage the reefs—divers sometimes break off pieces of coral.

Polluted water also causes problems because reef-destroying algae grows in dirty water. Even air pollution hurts coral reefs. Global warming causes warmer ocean water, which can cause polyps to lose helpful algae. Without that algae, coral turns white. This is called \"bleaching”，and if it continues, the coral dies.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】One possible version:

Coral reefs, built of skeletons of coral polyps, are called underwater cities, where live many marine species and sea creatures. They provide humans with jobs, scenery and medicines. However, reefs aren’t well protected. One fifth of them have disappeared due to environmental problems. Fishing and diving do harm to them; water pollution and air pollution are to blame too. 【解析】

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了珊瑚礁的成因及对人类的益处以及珊瑚礁受到威胁的各种各样的原因。

【详解】1.要点摘录

①Young polyps attach themselves to the old skeletons and make new skeletons. Over time, weird and wonderful shapes are slowly built up into amazing coral reefs

②Scientists sometimes think of coral reefs as underwater cities. A quarter of all known marine species live in reef habitats.

③Humans don’t live in coral reef cities, but we benefit from them.

④Coral reefs are very important, yet we don’t take good care of them. Environmental problems have already killed about twenty percent of the world’s reefs.

⑤people catch too many reef fish and often damage the reefs—divers sometimes break off pieces of coral. ⑥Polluted water also causes problems because reef-destroying algae grows in dirty water. 2.缜密构思

将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第4、5、6三个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句

Coral reefs consists of skeletons of coral polyps, being home to marine species and sea creatures. We benefit a lot from them.

However, we don’t take care of them because they are threatened by environmental problems, fishing, diving and pollution.

【点睛】[高分句型1]

Coral reefs, built of skeletons of coral polyps, are called underwater cities, where live many marine species and sea creatures.( 运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段和第二段进行了概括。其中where引导的非性定语

从句，built过去分词作的后置定语等表达高级) [高分句型2]

One fifth of them have disappeared due to environmental problems. (运用了现在完成时表示已经造成的结果，对第四段进行了概括，due to表示原因，表达恰当)

V. Translation

Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.

52. 不努力一把，怎么知道人生会不会有更多的可能?(If) （汉译英）

【答案】If you don’t work hard, how can you know whether there will be more possibilities in life? 【解析】

【详解】考查动词、名词和宾语从句。表示“不努力一把”可以用条件状语从句If you don’t work hard；表示“怎么知道”可以用how can you know；表示“更多的可能”用名词复数more possibilities；表示“会不会”可以用whether；表示“人生会不会有更多的可能”用there be句型，放在动词know后是宾语从句，用陈述语序，表示将来发生的事，用一般将来时。可以表示为whether there will be more possibilities in life。故翻译为If you don’t work hard, how can you know whether there will be more possibilities in life? 53. 过去的三年里，这个曾经无人问津的小村庄吸引了大量游客。(attract) （汉译英） 【答案】Over the past three years, this once deserted village has attracted a large number of tourists. 【解析】

【详解】考查动词、短语和名词。表示“过去的三年里”应用over the past three yearsr作时间状语；表示“这个曾经无人问津的小村庄”可以用this once deserted village作主语；表示“吸引”用动词attract,时间状语是“过去的三年里”，用现在完成时，主语“小村庄”是单数，故用has attracted；表示“大量游客”可以用a large number of tourists。故翻译为Over the past three years, this once deserted village has attracted a large number of tourists。

54. 体育的价值不仅仅是强身健体，还在于培养锻炼青少年的责任感和意志力。(lie) （汉译英）

【答案】The value of sports lies not only in building up their bodies but also cultivating and training teenagers’ sense of responsibility and willpower. 【解析】

【详解】考查动词、短语和名词。表示“体育的价值”应用名词短语The value of sports作主语；表示“不仅……还”短语为not only...but also；表示“在于”用动词短语lie in，主语是单数，表示客观事实，用一般现在时，单三形式lies in；表示“强身健体”可以用短语building up their bodies作宾语；表示“培养锻炼”可以用cultivating and training；表示“青少年的责任感和意志力”可以用teenagers’ sense of responsibility and willpower。故翻译为The value of sports lies not only in building up their bodies but also cultivating and training

teenagers’ sense of responsibility and willpower。

55. 各类电子产品方便了人们的工作生活，(though) （汉译英） 然而如何处理废旧电子产品却成为一大难题。【答案】Though electronic products of all kinds make people’s work and life more convenient, how to deal with abandoned electronic products has become a big challenge. 【解析】

【详解】考查让步状语从句和动词。表示“各类电子产品”应译为electronic products of all kinds在句中作主语，表示“方便了人们的工作生活”也就是“使得人们的工作和生活更加便利”应译为make people’s work and life more convenient其中make在句中作谓语，people’s work and life more在句中作宾语，more convenient作宾补，所以前半句翻译为electronic products of all kinds make people’s work and life more convenient；后半句话的主语为“如何处理废旧电子产品”为“疑问词+to do”结构，“处理”应为deal with，“废弃的”为abandoned，故主语翻译为how to deal with abandoned electronic products，后半句“成为一大难题”为“系表”结构应译为become a big challenge，结合句意，此处表示的是如何处理废旧电子产品造成现在的结果，故使用现在完成时态，其句子主语是“疑问词+to do”结构，所以谓语动词是单数与主语为主动关系，故后半句翻译为how to deal with abandoned electronic products has become a big challenge.；根据汉语意思可知，前半句为让步状语从句，需使用提示的连词though将两个句子连接起来。故翻译为Though electronic products of all kinds make people’s work and life more convenient, how to deal with abandoned electronic products has become a big challenge.。

VI. Guided Writing

56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近收到英国笔友Mike的邮件，其中提到因为父母工作原因，他们举家 搬迁，他也转学到了一所新的学校，但是他因为换了一个环境感到不太适应。回复一封邮件，内容须包括：1)分析导致他不适应的原因； 2)给他提出建议。

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Dear Mike,

I am sorry to hear that you’re having trouble adjusting to your high school life. I understand it is hard to get used to your new school. Actually, anyone entering a strange environment will feel confused and lonely. The reaosn is that

we are far away from our familiar surroundings. Besides, we are not sure whether we are popular in the new school and whether our new classmates are easy to get along with. However, you should not worry too much about these. I’m writing to offer you some useful advice. Firstly, I recommend that you sign up for extra-curricular activities, which can help you make more new friends. In this way you won't feel lonely and your school life will become colorful and interesting. Secondly, you should make a good schedule and focus on improving your study. As a teenager, it is our responsibility to study well. I hope my suggestions will be suitable for you.

I hope you can adapt quickly to the new environment.

Yours Li Hua

【解析】

【导语】本书面表达属于应用文写作。要求回复笔友邮件，分析他不适应新学校的原因并提出建议。 【详解】1.词汇积累 适应：adjust to→adapt to 此外：besides → what’s more 确定的：sure→certain 建议：advice→ suggestion 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句

原句：Actually, anyone entering a strange environment will feel confused and lonely. 拓展句：Actually anyone who enters a strange environment will feel confused and lonely.

【点睛】【高分句型1】I am sorry to hear that you' re having trouble adjusting to your high school life.（运用了that引导的宾语从句）

【高分句型2】I recommend that you sign up for extra-curricular activities, which can help you make more new friends.（运用了which引导的非性定语从句）