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第三章 修辞技巧（Rhetorical skills）
PART I 方
ACT English考察英语语法规则(Usage/Mechanics)及修辞技巧(Rhetorical skills)，本章介绍修辞技巧的考题分类及答题方法，并提供十篇模拟文章进行实战演练及详细解析。
ACT English修辞技巧考察写作技巧，文章结构，及写作风格的运用。
1. 写作技巧
写作技巧涉及作者意图，读者导向，主旨一致性，焦点正确等问题； 以及增加，修改，删除相应内容的影响。题目类型主要为给定条件的叙述方式。
此类考题的解题要点是首先读清题目要求，尤其注意动词，形容词，及副词的意义，其次要确定与题目相关的文章内容范围，详读文章，进行选择。
本考点主要包含考题形式为写作意图类，主旨一致性类，及增加、删减、修改材料类。以下对该类考题进行举例讲解：
写作意图类：
…When she was doing something she loved, whether it was making freezer jam or 2
researching tribal history, she refused to rushed….(OG-TEST5-2) 2
2. At this point, the writer would like ti provide a glimpse into the grandmother’s interests. Given that all the choices are true, which one best accomplishes this purpose?
F. NO CHANGE
G. being actively involved her pursuits,
H. things I really hope she’ll teach me one day, J. historical research as well as domestic projects, 答案：F 解析： 题目类型： 解题思路： 写作技巧 根据题目要求，此处应表达“奶奶的兴趣爱好的提及”，故应具体写出奶奶的兴趣是哪项，F选项合适；G，H选项不合适；又因为句子中使用whether，J选项中as well as与whether搭配不正确; 故选F。
主旨一致性类：
……What these girls need and love are the stories themselves: those exciting adventure tales 60
spiced with mystery.……(OG-TEST 5-60)
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60
60. Which choice most effectively supports the point being made in the first part of the sentence？
F. NO CHANGE
G. the answers to the mysteries of their lives. H. a strong role model for their generation. J. the ability to overcome obstacles. 答案：F 解析： 题目类型： 解题思路： 写作技巧 根据题目要求，此处应支持前半句话的叙述，即对the stories进一步解释，F选项符合题意；G, H, J选项均不符合，故选F。
增加，删减，修改材料类：
……In the artwork, Ringgold has surrounded these women with bright sunflowers. The flowers seem to celebrate the women’s accomplishments and the beauty of their shared vision. 30(OG-TEST 5-30) 30. If the writer were to delete the preceding sentence, the essay would primarily lose: F. an interpretation of the artwork that serves to summarize the essay.
G. a reflection on the women depicted in the artwork that compares them to Ringgold. H. a description of a brushwork technique that refers back to the essay’s opening. J. an evaluation of Ringgold’s artistic talent that places her in a historical context. 答案：F 解析： 题目类型： 解题思路： 写作技巧 根据题目要求，应充分理解前一句意义，该句意义为“解释（艺术品中）向日葵所体现的意义，与讲述女性的主旨相关，可作为文章的总结句”，F选项符合；G, H, J选项不符合，故选F。
2. 文章结构
文章结构考察文章中表达观点的合理顺序及连贯性（coherence）； 开头，过渡，结尾句的有效性。即文章在意义层面的连贯及在段落及句子表达层面的衔接。题目类型包括段内句子排序，文内段落排序，及过渡词句的选择。此类考题与本书前部分中关联词考点有一定重叠，即涉及到使用关联词表达段内及段间逻辑的考题本书归类为关联词，在此不予重述。
此类考题要求运用英语衔接手段达到上下文意义的连贯。本章介绍两种衔接手段：照应及词汇衔接；
（1）照应，也称指称，指用代词等语法关系表示语义关系。人称照应关系的照应词一般为第三人称代词。如his、everybody 等。指示照应关系的照应词包括this、that 、these 、those 之类的指示代词，以及定冠词the 和such a 一类的词,也包括there 、now、then 等地
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点指示词和时间指示代词。例如，指示照应一般是借助于this, that等来指代前文出现的事物。例I visited London last year. That was my first visit. that即指London。
（2）词汇衔接，指通过词汇选择在篇章中建立一个贯穿篇章的链条，从而建立篇章的连续。词汇衔接对于实现语篇连贯起着基础而关键的作用。指的是某一词以原词重复、同义词、上下义关系等形式重复出现在语篇中，语篇的句子通过这种复现关系达到了相互衔接。例如，He fell asleep. What woke him.中fell asleep与woke是反义词复现。
该类考题要点是首先应读清题目要求，确定与题目相关的文章内容范围，理解意义，使用合适的衔接手段。主要包含的考题形式为开头、结尾、过渡句类，句子排序类，段落排序类，及段落分割类。以下进行举例讲解：
句子排序类：
……[1] On a familiar trail near our house, I was pushing Jeremy in his stroller and thinking of the day ahead and the tasks I had to complete. [2] Suddenly, he squealed with pure delight and pointed toward a clearing. [3] There, two does and three fawns stood watching us. [4] Five pairs of ears flicked like antennae seeking a signal. [5] After a few moments, the deer lowered their heads and began to eat, as if they had decided we were harmless. [6] By then, my son’s face was full of wonder. 11 ……
11. For the sake of the logic and coherence of this paragraph, sentence 3 should be placed: (OG-TEST 5-11)
A. where it is now. B. before Sentence 1. C. after Sentence 1. D. after Sentence 4. 答案：A 解析： 题目类型： 解题思路： 文章结构 根据题目要求，重点应理解第3句的意义及结构特点。第3句开头词There，表示地点，其前一句中应出现表示地点的名词，而且two does and three fawns与第4句开头Five pairs of ears衔接，A选项第2句中有a clearing (空地)，符合要求，两句衔接，意义合理；B, D选项前一句中均无地点名词，不符合；C选项前一句有地点名词house，但 句意不衔接；故选A。 过渡句类：
With its distinctive red tint and its polar ice caps, the planet Mars has fascinated humans for thousands of years. From ancient Babylonian astronomers who associated Mars with their war god Negral, to twentieth-century science fiction writers who penned spine-tingling stories of “little green men from Mars,” this planet has often been a symbol of ill will and danger.
The United States has competed with other countries to explore space. By 2003, the 63
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) had sent thirty spacecraft to the red planet, prompting speculation that a human voyage may no longer be the stuff of fiction…….
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63. Given that all the choices are true, which one best leads from the preceding paragraph to the subject of this paragraph? (OG-TEST 5-63)
A. NO CHANGE
B. Today, such negative associations seem to be dissipating.
C. In 1958, the United States founded an agency to run its space program. D. Earth and Mars are both planets in the inner solar system.
答案：B 解析： 题目类型： 解题思路： 文章结构 根据题目要求，该句应起到承上启下的作用，应充分理解前一段以及本段的内容。前一段内容为“各界均把火星视为敌意与危险的象征” ，本段内容为“已有机构对火星进行探索”。A选项未提及前一段内容；B选项such negative associations指代前一段内容，seem to be dissipating引出本段内容，符合要求；C选项未提及前一段内容； D选项与主旨不相关；故选B。
3. 写作风格
写作风格题考察特定写作风格，笔调，明确及简洁表达用语的运用。题目类型包括代词模糊指代，词汇及素材冗余，以及表意不清的用词。本书前一章介绍了简洁与同义重复、代词、用词与固定搭配等考点，覆盖了写作风格中全部考题的题目知识点及答题方法，在此不予重述。
综上，本书中对于修辞技巧题进行解析时，题目类型分类为两大类，即写作技巧和文章结构。由于此类考题重点是基于文章内容及上下文的理解，而非决定于某个句子的意义，本书解析此类考题时不提供题目翻译。
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